AP World Unit 5 Vocab

"Sick Man of Europe"

Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The name was based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems.

Coppernicus

Developed the heliocentric theory (during the Scientific Revolution)

Galileo Galilei

Used telescope to support heliocentric theory (during the Scientific Revolution)

Sir Isaac Newton

English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law (1642-1727) (during the Scientific Revolution)

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation (empiricism) and the questioning of accepted beliefs about the Cosmos, Nature, the and the Body.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas, political processes, and social institutions.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. Believed in religious toleration.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Wrote "The Social Contract." People agree to be governed by a Government that acts on behalf of the collective will. Believed women should obey men.

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Separation of Powers

The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, rather than the concentration / centralization of power in one person or institution. These principles were incorporated into the U.S. Constitution. Montesquieu advocated for this division of power during the Englightenment

Deism

Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards he left it to run by its own natural laws.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. Advocated for free markets and against mercantilism.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. Markets should be free. The government should keep its hands of the government. Individual consumers and producers should make decisions in their best interest. Prices and quantities should be determined by market forces.

Enlightened Absolutism

system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Frederick II

Considered by some to be an Enlightened Absolute Monarch. "Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;King of Prussia. Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Empiricism

A form of constructing knowledge that is based on observation and measurement. Many of the ideas developed during the Scientific Revolution were supported by observation and measurement. For example, Copernicus and Galileo observed and recorded movements of moons, planets, and stars. William Harvey dissected cadavers to learn about the circulatory system.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Nationalism

Movement in the 19th century in which people increasingly believed that their national communities should match political boundaries, thus forming nation-states. This led to the unification of states such as Italy and Germany. It caused the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the Balkans.

German Unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Italian Unification

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

Balkan nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

Abolition of Slavery

US Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 13th Amendment (1865)

Women's Suffrage Movement

movement to grant women the right to vote. Long and hard fought movement beginning with emergent feminism during the Enlightenment. Milestone successes were delayed until the 20th century.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." Called for the education of women. Part of Emergent Feminism.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who published the declaration of rights of women and the female citizens. Challenged Rousseau's beliefs about women. Called for economic and political participation for women. Part of Emergent Feminism.

Liberalism (classical definition)

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. The source of inspiration for many 19th century challenges to monarchy in Europe. (This is different than the modern day use of Liberal(s) used in political discourse)

Conservatism (classical definition)

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion. Favored monarchy to representative government. The Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe were examples of Conservative forces trying to maintain the status quo. (This is different than the how "Conservative(s)"is used in modern-day political discourse)

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

First Estate

The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

Second Estate

The second class of French society made up of the noblility

Third Estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

Estates Gerneral

legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in pre-revolutionary France

Louis XVI (16th)

King of France who was overthrown with the French Revolution (killed by the guillotine) Wife was Marie Antoinette

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Women's March on Versailles

Revolt where women invaded the National Assembly and the royal apartments (1789). Forced Louis XVI to live in Paris. Ensured that the work of the National Assembly continued.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the Committee on Public Safety during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Reign of Terror

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Declared a right to intervene in nations in order to preserve monarchy. (Considered Conservative) Tried to create a balance of power in Europe by weakening France.

German Confederation

Association of German states established at the Congress of Vienna that replaced the Holy Roman Empire from 1815 to 1866

Balance of Power

a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others ( a goal of the Congress of Vienna)

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists overthrew England and its Monarchy. Inspired, in part by Enlightenment ideas. It inspired subsequent Revolutions such as in France and Haiti.

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. It ended slavery in Saint Domingue. A created a new government independent of European rule.

Saint Domingue

island now known as Haiti

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was a critical leader of the Haïtian Revolution.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. These revolutions exemplify the struggle between Liberal and Conservative forces in Europe.

Count Cavour

Unified northern Italy through diplomatic treaties

Guiseppe Garibaldi

This man led an army called the Red Shirts to liberate and unify southern Italy.

Prussia

a strong military state in central Europe that emerged in the late 1600s. Part of what is modern-day Germany.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire. Governed in a practical manner (Real Politik), which was not beholden to strictly following ideology.

Real Politik

a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens. Reluctantly signed by Louis XVI while under siege at his palace.

Letter from Jamaica

document written by Simon Bolivar, 1815 Bolívar explained his thoughts about the social and political situation of the Spanish America at the time, the power of the Spanish Empire and the possible future of the new nations that would be created after its collapse.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Meiji Reforms

Returned authority to the Japanese emperor, attempted to industrialize and westernize Japan, sent people abroad to study.

Tran-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Industrial Revolution

-A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and had profound impact on peoples lives.

Factors contributing to the Industrial Revolution

-Proximity to waterways (rivers, canals)

-Distribution of resources (coal, iron, timber)

-Urbanization

-Agriculture

-Private property

-Capital

Factory System

-A new method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one place, often in urban centers. Utilized the specialization of labor.

Specialization of Labor

-The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work

Textiles

-The clothe industry, which was the first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.

Steam Engine

-A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel (coal) into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery, locomotives, ships, and factories.

internal combustion engine

-an engine that burns fuel (gas / oil derivative) inside cylinders within the engine. The energy released creates motion.

fossil fuels

-Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.

coal

-A fossil fuel that forms underground from partially decomposed plant material

Oil

-A liquid fossil fuel that is burned to obtain energy and used in the manufacture of plastics.

Second Industrial Revolution

-Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

What are some factors related to the Second Industrial Revolution?

-Steel

-Chemicals

-Electricity

-Precision Machinery

Railroads

-Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

Steamships

-Steamships proved their own versatility by advancing up rivers to points that sailboats could not reach because of inconvenient twists, turns, or winds.

Telegraph

-A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

State-Sponsored Industrialization

-State-Sponsored industrialization is the government or Country sponsoring industrialization instead of a someone outside the country

Example

-Meiji Restoration in Japan

-Railroads and factories in Tsarist Russia

China’s Self-Strengthening Movement

Muhammad Ali (Egypt)

-Commander in the Ottoman army in early 1800s and whose loyal followers executed the Mamluk leaders.

-In the power vacuum created, he orchestrated the establishment of the modern state of Egypt through adoption of a western model of government [bureaucracy, streamline economics, and develop a modern military]

Mercantilism

-An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. It involved a high degree of government involvement in the economy, including taxing imports, restricting trade, establishing colonies, creating monopolies, and controlling the flow of currency.

Capitalism

-an economic and political system in which a state's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Capital (Machines, tools, factories, and equipment) are owned by individuals, not government.

free markets

-Markets that are allowed to operate without undue interference from the government

Transnational business

-a commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities,and business in more than one country and does not consider any particular country its home.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)

-Bank created in 1865 with one center in Hong Kong and one in Shanghai to meet the needs of European merchants who needed a local bank to finance the heavy transnational trade between China and Europe. Initially it is an example of a 19th century transnational business engaged in economic imperialism.

Unilever

-a company formed by a merger of the operations of Dutch Margarine Unie and British soapmaker Lever Brothers, with the name of the resulting company a portmanteau of the name of both companies. In the 1930s, business grew and new ventures were launched in Africa and Latin America.

Stock market

-A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.

Limited Liability Corporation

-A business organization in which the business (not the owner) is liable for the company's debts. Can last forever. A form of business in which shareholders are the owners of the business. Created a business structure in which large amounts of capital (money) could be invested in one business enterprise.

labor union

-An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

Karl Marx

-1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed that the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoise.

Socialism

-A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. Was proposed as an alternative to capitalism. Formed the basis of some political parties in the 1800s.

Proletariat

-Marx's term for the labor class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Bourgeoisie

-Marx's term for the small class of people who were owners of the means of production (Land, Capital, other resources)

standard of living

-Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.

James Hargreaves

-invented the spinning jenny

James Watt

-Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

cottage industry

-Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands. Started following industrialization.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.