Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology?

What is the definition of Biotechnology?

Tools to shape life.

What are the three traditional biotechnology products?

Yogurt, bread, cheese

What are two examples of modern Biotechnology products?

Therapeutic drugs, enzymes in laundry detergents

When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

The modern biotechnology industry began in the 1970s with advancements in genetic engineering.

When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?

8,000 B.C.

When was Wine first invented?

4,000 B.C.

Who developed brewing and cheesemaking?

Sumerians and Egpytians in 2,000 B.C.

What was the first antibiotic used? Which culture? When?

500 B.C., chinese used soybean curds as an early antibiotic.

Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?

1796, Edward Jenner.

Who discovered proteins?

Jon Jakob Berzelius in 1838

When was the origin of species published?

1859

When was pasteurization first developed?

1861

When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?

1865

Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What year?

Louis Pasteur in 1885

When did the term biotechnology first appear in print?

1919

Who discovered penicillin? What year?

Alexander Flemming in 1928

Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic information?

Oswald Avery

When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?

1953

When was mRNA discovered?

1961

When was the gene first completely synthesized?

1971

When was recombinant insulin produced? by which company?

1977 by Genentech.

When was DNA fingerprinting first used?

1984

When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?

1986

When was the first Human Genome project first launched?

1990

What was the first cloned mammal? What year?

Sheep, 1997

When was Golden rice developed?

1999

When was the human genome project completed?

2003

When was the first HPV vaccine approved?

2003

When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?

2010

When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?

2012

When were mRNA vaccines first used?

2021

What are the different sectors in biotechnology?

Biological research,healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing

What are the key techniques in biotechnology?

Molecular biology, cell biology, genetic engineering

What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?

Can we doesnt mean we should,

What are the tools in biotechnology?

Whole cells, DNA, RNA, proteins

What are the two key instruments in biotechnology?

Spectrophometers, PCR machines

What is chromatography?

Sorting

What is gene transfer?

delivery system

What is protein purification?

the final product

What is spectrophmeter?

Quantify DNA proteins via light

What is PCR?

amplifies DNA

What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?

Biosurvellance

Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was there first product?

Genentech, Insulin

What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?

Biological vs chemical drugs

Who are the key users of biotechnology?

healthcare, agriculture, forensics

What is genomics?

study of the genome

What is protenomics?

Study of all protein expression

What is precision medicine?

Targeted therapies based on genetic profile

What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?

Lab/Animal testing?

What happens during Phase 1 clinical trials?

Testing safety

What happens during Phase 2 clinical trials?

Testing effectiveness

What happens during Phase 3 clinical trials?

Confirming results

What are the four common hazards in a lab?

Chemicals, bacteria, broken glass, bunsen burner

What does OSHA reccomend to ensure safety?

PPE

What must initial and reccuring training cover?

equipment location, safe handling, emergency responses

What is PPE?

Personal Protective Equipment

When should PPE be worn?

At all times

What is eye protection?

goggles

What is hand protection?

gloves

What are body/foot protection?

lab coats, closed toed shoes

What is the MSDS?

Material Safety Data Sheets

When should fume hoods be used?

When handling volatile or hazardous substances

What are biosafety levels?

Levels categorized from least to most dangerous

What is BSL 1?

non disease causing organisms

What is BSL 2?

requires access, and signage

What is BSL 3 & 4?

High level pathogens, require advanced safety

How should microorganisms be disposed?

Autoclaving

What tools measure volume?

Graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, pipettes

What tools measure mass?

Analytical balance

What is normal body temp?

37 C

What is normal room temp?

22 C

What are pH meters?

used to measure temp

How should glassware be cleaned?

Rinse, wash with detergent, rinse with distilled water, dry, sterilize

What is an autoclave?

reset button

What are the different methods for disinfection?

10% bleach 15 min soak, 70% ethanol, UV light

What is the purpose of a lab notebook

For intellectual properties

What are SI units?

grams, liters, degrees celsius

What is the dilution formula?

C1V1 = C2V2