Social 30 Unit 1
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67 Terms
(rule of law, individual rights, freedoms, private property, economic freedom, self interest, competition)
\-advocated individual rights + responsibility, role of gov is only maintaining security and rule of law
\-Equality, individualism
\-Keep government accountable through seperation of powers
\-each citizen had to participate in laws
\-Free speech
\-Common good above everything else (utilitarianism)
\-On the Social Contract- People give up rights to get societal security
\-The General Will- Majority rules, people can change the laws if they no longer follow majority,
\-Direct democracy
\-Separation of church and state
\-Freedom of religion
\-Civil Liberties- everyone has a right to certain laws
\-Gov should be accountable and representative
\-Natural rights are life, liberty, and property
\-Reason must be our main guide
\-For authority and dictatorship
\-Humans are naturally selfish and harmful so they need enforcement
\-Strict social and political order
\-Commands or moral laws that everyone must follow (universality)
\-The golden rule
\-People need stability of the past
\-Traditional ideas of hierarchy
\-Opposed equality and rights
\-If people worked for themselves everyone would be better off
\-Capitalism
\-Utopia- society where everyone is happy
\-Rewarded good behaviour and punished poor societal behaviourM
\-Individualist- believed in the individual rights of the people
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What is an ideology?
A set of beliefs and values about what kind of society is best- Human nature, history, structure of society, class, nation, etc.
What is individualism?
Belief in the primary importance of the individual and the principles of individual rights and freedoms, self interest, competition, economic freedom, rule of law, private property,
What is collectivism?
Belief in the primary importance of a group or community and the principles of collective responsibility, collective interest, cooperation, economic equality,
What differentiates a democracy from a dictaroship?
-Democracies have a seperation of powers
-Democracies have a body of rules they must follow
-Democracies follow the will of the majority with respect to the minority
-Democracies are held accountable to the people
What are the types of democracies?
Direct- Citizens directly vote on issues, favoured by Rousseau, Ancient Athens,
Representative- Citizens elect representatives to participate in government for them, favoured by Locke, Most modern day democracies,
What are some types of direct democracy used in representative democracy?
Referendum- Vote made directly by the people which is binding
Plebiscite- Same as referendum but not binding
Recall- If 40% of voters who elected a certain representative request to revote then a recall is called for that member
Initiative- Petition by 10% of constituients
How do representative democracies work?
-Voters elect people to represent them
-Number of representatives in an area is decided by the population of the area
-First past the post of proportional representation
What is First Past the Post?
-Citizens vote for the representative from which part they want to represent their riding and gain their areas seat
-Whichever parties wins the most amounts of seats from ridings wins the elections
-Used in Canada and the US
-Stable and efficient, creates majority governments
-Can over reward regional parties and underrepresent fringe parties, can increase voter apathy, tyranny of the majority
What is proportional representation?
-Whichever party gets the most votes wins a number of seats corresponding to votes and therefore wins the election
-Votes are counted up across entire area
-Used in most European countries
-More choice for voters, fringe parties have more representation, better represents the interests of the country, more minority governments
-inefficient, instable, people vote for party not candidate
What are some challenges representative democracies face?
- Election fraud such as ballot-stuffing, vote rigging, gerrymandering
-Elections can be manipulated to benefit one part
-Elections can take place in a dictatorship with one party on the ballot
How does the presidential system work?
Executive Branch- President and Cabinet, can veto legislation, difficult to impeach, president chooses cabinet
Legislative- 2 houses, Senate (elected 2 per state), House of Representatives (elected rep by pop)
Judicial- independent supreme court
How do elections in the presidential system work?
-Republic so citizens vote for their leader every 4 years
-Electoral College System- People vote for their electors to vote for their presidential candidate, each state has a certain number of electoral college votes based on population
-Senators have 6 year terms and House of Rep has 2 year terms
-Campaigns are 1 year long
How are laws made in the USA?
-If president vetoes a bill it can still pass with 2/3 majority in houses
-President proposes bills to congress, allowed to be denied without losing his position
-Bills start as sponsered ideas which are studied, bill is debated in the HOR and moves to the Senate with majority, House and Senate work out any differences and changes between the two bills
How does the parliamentary democracy system work?
Executive Branch- Governor General, Prime Minister (part of legislature), Cabinet (part of legislature, than appointed)
Legislative Branch- House of Commons (elected by rep by pop), Senate (appointed by patronage)
Judicial Branch- Independent supreme court
How do elections work in Canada?
-Elections every 5 years unless an election is held in between
-No fixed term for PM
-Campaigns are 4-8 weeks
-Elections are called at a time of popularity or a vote of non confidence
What is a majority vs a minority government in the parliamentary system?
-1 candidate per constituency who can earn one seat in the house of commons
-Party with most seats becomes the government
-If the party that wins has more than 50% of the seats then it is a majority government
-If winning party has less then 50% of the seats, the party has to form a coalition with another party
-Vote of non confidence could be called of the ruling party causing another election to be held
How are laws created in the parliamentary system?
-Idea for law is proposed by Prime Minister
-Bill is cycled through HOC and Senate where it is debated and revised multiple times
-Royal Assent must be given by Governor General in order to pass the bill.
What is an ideology?
A set of beliefs and values about what kind of society is best
What is individualism?
Belief in the primary importance of the individual
-rights and freedoms
-self-interest
-competition
-economic freedom
-rule of law
-private property
What is collectivism?
Belief in the primary importance of a community or group
-collective responsibility
-collective interest
-cooperation
-economic equality
-public property
Private vs Public Property
-Whether individuals or the government owns property
Rule of Law
-Law itself has greater power then the individual, no one is above the law
(individualism)
What is liberalism?
A political ideology that stresses progressive change and advocates for the rights and freedoms of individuals in the society
What is conservatism?
Strict societal control, law & order, no social mobility, status quo, class system
What was the age of enlightenment?
-Period of time that changed peoples beliefs on politics, religion, and science
-Developed belief in liberalism
Individualism in healthcare
-Lower tax rates due to lower government spending on healthcare
-High quality healthcare if you can afford it
-HMOâs give coverage, without no healthcare
What was America like before the affordable care act?
-A lot of Americans didnât have healthcare coverage
-Hundreds of people were afraid to change jobs due to job lock
-High prescription costs and denial for pre-existing conditions
-Out of pocket costs for test and prescription
What is US Medicaid and Medicare?
- Introduced in 1965
-Medicaid- provides care to people in need
-Medicare- provides care to old people
How was the United States after the introduction of the Affordable Care Act?
-Under the act more people are able to acquire healthcare coverage
-People have the right to appeal decisions made by their HMOâs
-Illegal for HMOâs to rescind coverage
What are copayments and coinsurance?
Coinsurance- cost sharing between health insurance company and and customer, percentage the customer has to pay for healthcare
Copayments- Flat fee that a customer pays for healthcare service
How did US healthcare change under Trump?
-Wanted to remove the Obamacare penalty for not having insurance
-Imposed work requirements on medicare programs
-Free market reforms
What is Canadaâs healthcare system?
-Mixed economy where everyone has access to healthcare
-Publicly funded system (single payer system)
-Long wait times, public approval is needed,
-Medicare and the Canada Health Act
What is the Canadian Medical Association? (CMA)
-National voice of Canadian physicians
-Advocate for health promotion, leadership for physicians
-Recently started advocating for private healthcare
What was the Chaoulli vs Quebec case?
-A patient had to wait 1 year for a hip replacement- challenged the ban on private healthcare in Quebec
-Supreme court ruled that there should be space within the system for privately funded aspects of healthcare
What is a two tier healthcare system?
-System that advocates for the government to provide the necessities but still allow private healthcare within the system
-Advocated by doctor Brian Day
How does Swedenâs healthcare system work?
-No defined benefit package, system covers public and preventative services
-Out of pocket fee for physician visits
-Decentralized system
-Specialist care within 90 days
-Both public and private services
How does Cubaâs healthcare system work?
-Completely centralized and collectivized
-No privatization is allowed
What is anarchism?
-The rejection of the state and centralized power
-Extremely collectivist (state withers away)
-Radical
What is communism?
-A political theory that advocates society where everything is publicly owned
-People are paid according to abilities and needs
-Radical
What is socialism?
-Theory of organization
-All aspects of the economy are controlled by the community as a whole
Modern Liberalism?
-A political theory that combines both socialist and capitalist ideologies to involve rights and freedoms + rule of law
Conservatism?
-Against progressive change
-Preserve traditional values
Facism?
-Organization of society in which a dictator controls the people and people are not allowed to disagree with the government
-Reactionary
How was the charter different to the bill of rights?
-The Bill of Rights was a law, which meant that it could be changed
-The charter was entrenched into the constitution meaning that it couldnt be amended
What types of freedoms are in the Charter?
-Fundamental freedoms
-Democratic rights
-Mobility rights
-Legal rights
-Equality rights
What do the reasonable limits and notwithstanding clause do?
-Charter rights are only guaranteed if they make sense in a free and democratic society
-Legislature can override certain portions of the charter if it doesnât fit with a law
How does the US constitution and Bill of rights work?
- The constitution is the highest law in the US.
-Bill of rights is the first 10 amendments to the constitution
What characterized early womenâs suffrage?
-Focus on increasing womenâs role in public life
-During the Enlightenment period- Mary Wollenscarft
What was suffrage?
-About giving women the right to vote
-WW1 changed how society perceived women
Suffrage in Canada?
-The majority of Canadian suffragists relied on peaceful campaigning
-Federal authorities granted a limited franchise in 1918, but this still did not include many groups
Who were the famous five?
-Five Alberta women who petitioned Canada to include females as âpersonsâ in the BNA act
-Eventually appealed from supreme court and helped women be recognized as persons
What was the civil rights movement?
-The fight for the rights of black people in America
-Started with abolition of slavery, ended with acknowledgement of black people as equal
-Still going on today
What were the Jim Crow Laws?
-A set of laws that legalized racial segregation
-Began after the abolition of slavery
-Segregation in every aspect of life for black people
What was the little rock nine?
-The first nine african students to enter âLittle Rock High Schoolâ
-Followed Brown vs Board (allowed black people to go to white schools)
-National guard was ordered to block the students entrance- Army troops were sent to guard students
What was the voting rights act?
-Act required states to get pre-clearance before establishing voting restriction- meant to prevent racial discrimination
-Supreme court struck down act as it made states unequal- states could now establish their own voting regulations