RETR 203 Remastered

Molarity (M)

The concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Osmolarity (Osm)

The total concentration of solute particles in a solution, taking into account ionization.

Van’t Hoff’s Factor (i)

The number of particles produced by the dissociation of a solute in a solvent.

Ideal Gas Law

A fundamental relationship of gas behavior, stated as PV=nRT.

Boyle’s Law

Relates the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature: P1V1 = P2V2.

Charles’s Law

Describes the relationship between volume and temperature of a gas: V1/T1 = V2/T2.

Osmotic Pressure (Π)

The pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane; given by Π=iMRT.

Hemolysis Rate

The percentage of cells that undergo hemolysis: (number of lysed cells/total number of cells) × 100.

Torque (τ)

The rotational equivalent of linear force, calculated as τ=rFsin(θ).

Work Done (W)

The energy transferred by a force acting over a distance, given as W=F⋅d⋅cos(θ).

Hydrostatic Pressure (P)

The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest, calculated by P=ρgh.

Infection Control

Methods employed to prevent nosocomial or healthcare-associated infections.

Contagious Disease

Diseases transmitted to others through physical contact or body fluids.

Nosocomial Infection

An infection that occurs during a patient’s stay at a healthcare facility.

Universal Precautions

Guidelines to protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious agents.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Special clothing or equipment worn to protect against health hazards.

Hand Hygiene

The most effective method to prevent infection transmission, including washing and sanitizing hands.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Explains the states of matter based on the movement and energy of particles.

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at standard pressure.

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.

Critical Temperature

The maximum temperature at which a substance can be liquefied regardless of pressure.

Cryogenic Separation

A method to produce pure oxygen by liquefying air and distilling it.

Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)

A technique that uses sorbents to separate oxygen from air, commonly used in small setups.

Membrane Separation

Method of producing oxygen by passing air through a permeable membrane.

Infection

The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in a body part or tissue, potentially causing tissue injury and a systemic response.

Infectious Diseases

Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) or their toxic products, which can spread directly or indirectly from person to person.

Host

A person or living animal that provides subsistence or lodging for an infectious agent.

Reservoir

Any person, animal, plant, soil, or substance where an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, depending on it for survival.

Infection Control Policies

Procedures used to minimize the risk of infection transmission, especially in healthcare settings.

Portals of Entry/Exit

Sites through which pathogens enter or exit the body, including oral, nasal, ocular, rectal, genital, and skin openings.

Modes of Transmission

The ways infections spread, including body fluids, physical contact, contaminated objects, droplets, and food/drink.

Chain of Infection

The sequence of events that facilitates the transmission of infection: Pathogen, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Susceptible Host.

Latex Allergy

An allergic reaction to proteins found in natural rubber latex, affecting healthcare workers and patients.

Latex-Free Gloves

Gloves made from alternative materials (such as nitrile or vinyl) to prevent allergic reactions for those sensitive to latex.

Report Allergic Reactions

Notify the Nurse-in-Charge of any allergic reactions to ensure proper medical response.

PPE Key Points

Essential guidelines for using Personal Protective Equipment effectively in healthcare settings.

Donning PPE Sequence

The order for putting on PPE: Gown, Mask/Respirator, Goggles/Face Shield, Gloves.

Safe Use of PPE

Avoid contact with the face and unnecessary adjustments, change gloves if torn, and perform hand hygiene before replacing.

Doffing PPE Sequence

The order for removing PPE: Gloves, Face Shield or Goggles, Gown, Mask/Respirator.

Where to Remove PPE

PPE should be removed at the doorway or in an anteroom, with hand hygiene facilities nearby.

Respiratory Hygiene for Symptomatic Persons

Cover nose/mouth with tissue or mask, dispose of used items properly, and wash hands after contact with secretions.

Respiratory Hygiene in Facilities

Maintain 1-meter distance from febrile respiratory patients, display visual alerts, and provide hygiene supplies.

Droplet Isolation Precautions

Measures to prevent transmission via large droplets, using surgical masks within a 3-foot zone and handwashing.

Airborne Isolation Precautions

Measures to prevent transmission via small particles, requiring negative air pressure rooms and N95 respirators.