phylum annelids

In the sample study table, what characteristics are tracked for the Phylum Mollusca?

Shell, foot, radula (but lost in bivalves), complete digestive system

In the sample study table, what comments are highlighted for the Phylum Mollusca?

Large diversity of body plan, no typical mollusk, common names

Where can students look to find a good pre-made table for the invertebrates?

In Chapter 33 of your ebook/text

What is Step Three of Professor Hofmann's final exam study tips?

Work up concepts that link the groups of animals and know the groups

What four concepts are explicitly listed as things to know across various animal groups?

Ecosystem services, food security, feeding ecology, and environmental interactions

What are the four components of food security depicted in the diagram?

Availability, Access, Stability, and Utilization

What two dynamic tracking parameters are shown under feeding ecology?

Predator-prey relationships and macro-feeding systems

What specific example illustrates environmental interactions on the study tip slides?

Coral bleaching

What microscopic algae live symbiotically within healthy coral tissues?

Zooxanthellae

What role do zooxanthellae fulfill for their host coral?

They are the coral's primary food source and give them their color

What happens to the coral-algae symbiotic relationship if it becomes stressed by temperature or pollution?

The algae leave the coral's tissue

What physical changes and risks occur to a coral when its symbiotic algae leave?

The coral loses its major source of food, turns white or very pale, and is more susceptible to disease

What federal agency authored the coral bleaching study graphic?

NOAA

What are four primary causes of coral bleaching listed on the infographic?

Change in ocean temperature, runoff and pollution, sunlight, and extreme low tide

What is the leading cause of global coral bleaching events?

Increased ocean temperature caused by climate change

How can storm-generated precipitation cause the bleaching of near-shore corals?

It rapidly dilutes ocean water, and runoff can carry pollutants

How does sunlight contribute to the bleaching of shallow-water corals?

High temperatures combined with high solar irradiance contribute to bleaching

How can an extreme low tide events physically cause coral bleaching?

Exposure to the air can cause bleaching in shallow corals

What phylum does a bumblebee belong to?

Phylum Arthropoda

What subgroup name identifies a bumblebee inside its phylum?

Subgroup Hexapoda

What are four important features listed for the Hexapoda example?

Exoskeleton, flight, tracheal respiratory system, and pollination Section 2: Annelid Evolutionary Puzzle & Molecular ReorganizationWhat is the common, everyday name used to identify Phylum Annelida?

What major taxonomic reorganization event happened to Phylum Annelida in 2011?

New molecular data reorganized the phylum into two primary clades

What are the names of the two modern clades that comprise Phylum Annelida?

Sedentaria and Errantia

What technology was used to acquire the modern molecular data that reorganized the phylum?

Next generation sequencing

According to Weigert and Bleidorn, what five attributes make Annelida a subject of intense phylogenetic research?

Huge diversity of body and larval forms, life modes, feeding strategies, and true segmentation

In what two other animal phyla is true segmentation found outside of Annelida?

Arthropoda and Chordata

What is the primary scientific focus of modern phylogenetic research into annelids?

To understand their evolution

What are the names of the two authors who published the 2016 paper "Current status of annelid phylogeny"?

Anne Weigert and Christoph Bleidorn

In what scientific journal was the 2016 annelid phylogeny review published?

Organisms Diversity & Evolution

What makes Phylum Annelida an evolutionary "puzzle" for biologists?

It is a very diverse phylum with very different body plans, larval forms, and ecology

Approximately how many total named species are currently described within Phylum Annelida?

About 17,000 species

What four classical taxonomic groups or classes were traditionally used to break up the annelids?

Polychaete worms, leeches, Archiannelida (simple marine worms), and oligochaetes

What is the common name used to identify traditional oligochaetes?

Earthworms

What are the three genomic methods used to resolve modern annelid relationships?

Genome sequencing, comparative transcriptomics, and mitochondrial genomes

What molecular feature do most investigated annelids belonging to Errantia or Sedentaria share regarding their genetic structure?

An identical order of protein-coding and ribosomal RNA genes

What publishing credit is noted on the two-clade diversity illustration?

2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 3: Clade Errantia vs. Clade SedentariaIn what environment do members of the Clade Errantia predominantly live?

What is the general level of mobility characterizing the Clade Errantia?

They are mobile, with abilities to swim or crawl

Describe the feeding ecology observed across members of the Clade Errantia.

They display diverse feeding ecology, acting as predators and grazers

Besides mobile forms, what other behavioral types of animals can be found within the Errantia?

Some tube dwellers and burrowing animals

What two specialized anterior or anatomical features are present in Errantia due to their active lifestyle?

Well-developed jaws and sensory organs

What is the specific scientific name of the Errantian worm shown in the slides?

Nereimyra punctata

What are the lateral, paddle-like fleshly extensions found on the segments of Errantian worms called?

Parapodia

What hair-like or tentacular sensory structures are located near the parapodia on an Errantian worm?

Cirri

How mobile are members of the Clade Sedentaria compared to those in the Errantia?

They are less mobile than errant forms, often described as animals that "sit"

In what three types of ecosystems are members of the Clade Sedentaria ecologically distributed?

Freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems

What two specialized feeding strategies are common in Clade Sedentaria but generally absent in Errantia?

Filter feeding and parasitic forms

What structural housing is built by many specialized marine members of the Clade Sedentaria?

Tubes (tube dwellers)

What is the common name of the colorful Sedentarian worm featured in the slides?

Christmas tree worm

What is the scientific species name for the Christmas tree worm?

Spirobranchus giganteus

What is the function of the crown-like tentacles on a Christmas tree worm?

Feeding

Besides feeding, what respiratory function do the tentacles of Spirobranchus giganteus perform?

Gills

What chemical material is used by the Christmas tree worm to construct its protective living tube?

Calcium carbonate Section 4: Earthworm Physiology & Ecosystem EcologyWhich modern annelid clade contains the earthworms?

In what two primary habitats are earthworms found?

Primarily freshwater or terrestrial

How do earthworms actively improve soil quality?

They eat their way through the soil

How would you characterize the structural body plan diversity of earthworms?

Not a lot of body plan diversity

What type of internal organ system layout do earthworms possess?

Complex organ systems

What is the scientific name for the common earthworm?

Lumbricus terrestris

What type of digestive tract do earthworms possess?

A complete gut, running from mouth to anus

What muscular organ is used by earthworms to grind up soil and ingested organic matter?

Gizzard

Where exactly are digestive enzymes secreted inside an earthworm's digestive system?

In the intestine

What four specific digestive enzymes are explicitly listed as being secreted by earthworms?

Amylase, lipase, pepsin, and cellulase

What is the common term used for worm poop or excrement?

Castings

What specialized molecules do earthworms produce to protect themselves from dietary polyphenols?

Drilodefendins

What represents the major global ecosystem service provided by earthworms?

As they eat, they grind up soil and dead matter, moving air and water deeper into the ground

To what global chemical or nutrient cycle do earthworms heavily contribute?

The nitrogen cycle

How do earthworms help recycle essential nutrients back into terrestrial ecosystems?

Through their castings

In what major scientific journal was the October 2019 global diversity study of earthworms published?

Science magazine

What is the exact title of the October 2019 earthworm biogeography paper?

The global diversity and biogeography of earthworms

What image credit is given for the earthworm photograph?

PICTURE PARTNERS/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO

What three distinct anatomical regions are labeled in the diagram explaining how worms process garbage?

Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

What video title is provided in the resources for exploring worm composting?

How Do Worms Turn Garbage into Compost?

How many total scientists contributed numbers and species names to the 2019 global earthworm mapping study?

141 scientists

How many unique sampling sites were evaluated across the globe for the earthworm dataset?

More than 6,900 sites

Across how many total countries was the earthworm biogeography data collected?

Across 57 countries

What four mapping panels are illustrated in the global earthworm distribution figure?

Panel A: Number of sites, Panel B: Number of species, Panel C: Abundance, Panel D: Biomass

What are the authors listed on the global earthworm diversity study?

Helen R. P. Phillips et al.

What publishing organization holds the copyright for the 2019 earthworm mapping study?

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Section 5: Leeches, Hirudotherapy, & Global Clade HorizonsWhich modern annelid clade contains the leeches?

In what aquatic environment are the majority of leeches found?

Mostly freshwater

What is the general ecological status of most freshwater leeches?

Predators

What specialized life-history strategy is used by leeches that feed on host fluids?

Parasitic forms that feed on the blood of the host

What historical class name or taxonomic grouping designates leeches?

Hirudinea

In what two types of environments are members of the Hirudinea distributed?

Most are freshwater or terrestrial

What is the primary diagnostic, defining characteristic of a leech's body plan?

A posterior sucker

What specific category of parasite describes how leeches latch onto the outside of their hosts?

Ectoparasitic

On what specific group of animals do ectoparasitic leeches most commonly feed?

Vertebrates

What percentage of all leech species are actually nonparasitic?

25% nonparasitic

What powerful biochemical compound is secreted by medicinal leeches while feeding?

Hirudin

What is the direct physiological function of hirudin?

An anticoagulant that keeps the wound open

What informal term is used to describe the act of a leech feeding on a host?

Bloodmeal

What is the scientific name of the newly discovered North American medicinal leech species?

Macrobdella mimicus

What media organization is credited for the story announcement on the new leech discovery?

npr

In what year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration officially approve the medical use of leeches?

In 2004

For what specific post-surgical medical condition did the FDA approve leech use?

Localized venous congestion after surgery

How does the FDA legally recognize medicinal leeches within a clinical framework?

As living, breathing medical devices

What is the formal medical term used to identify medicinal leech therapy?

Hirudotherapy

What new, modern technological role are leeches fulfilling for wildlife biology and conservation?

As conservation tech

What molecular material is extracted and sequenced directly from a wild leech to monitor wildlife?

The blood meal is sequenced

Which geographic region of the world is explicitly highlighted as a major biodiversity hotspot for both terrestrial mammals and leeches?

Southern Asia

What two species photo examples are shown to bring the Lophotrochozoa section to a close?

A marine bivalve/clam and a terrestrial earthworm

What is the next major evolutionary clade of bilaterians scheduled for exploration?

Ecdysozoa