Chapter 3: Forming a New Life

A cluster of abnormalities demonstrated by children whose mother drank alcohol during their pregnancy, and is a leading cause of mental retardation, is called

A. drinker's syndrome

B. fetal alcohol syndrome

C. drunk woman's syndrome

D. mental retardation syndrome

B. fetal alcohol syndrome

A zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the fallopian tube to form a single cell. This process is referred to as

A. implantation

B. ovulation

C. fertilization

D. menstruation

C. fertilization

Ovulation refers to

A. the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm

B. the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary

C. that passage of an ovum through the vagina and out of a woman's body

D. the absorption of an ovum by a woman's white blood cells

B. the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary

Sperm enters the women's body through the vagina and then to the

A. uterus, cervix, fallopian tube

B. cervix, uterus, fallopian tube

C. fallopian tube, cervix, uterus

D. cervix, fallopian tube, uterus

B. cervix, uterus, fallopian tube

A couple wishes to maximize the woman's chances of becoming pregnant. When should they be sure to have intercourse?

A. during menstruation

B. 5 days after the onset of menstruation

C. at ovulation or during the five days preceding it

D. immediately after the onset of menstruation

C. at ovulation or during the five days preceding it

Twins formed by the fertilization of two ova by two sperm are

A. fraternal

B. the least common type of twins

C. genetically the same

D. more likely in first pregnancies than in later ones

A. fraternal

Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome, while the other has two X chromosomes. These twins are

A. monozygotic

B. dizygotic

C. unizygotic

D. either monozygotic or dizygotic

B. dizygotic

Which of the following statements about monozygotic twins is true?

A. They are no similar to one another than normal siblings.

B. They will always have identical temperaments.

C. They will always be born with identical physical characteristics.

D. One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.

D. One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.

Scientists have been successful at producing a genetic copy of a human embryo that is being used in the area of therapeutic research. This copy is referred to as a

A. zygote

B. monozygotic twin

C. clone

D. dizygotic twin

C. clone

Corrine, a genetic counselor, has occasion to advise women from a variety of different ethnic groups as to their likelihood of giving birth to twins. Which woman would you inform has the highest chance of giving birth to fraternal twins?

A. a Japanese woman

B. an East Indian woman

C. a Chinese woman

D. an African-American woman

D. an African-American woman

Statistically speaking, who would be least likely to give birth to identical twins?

A. a 19-year-old Japanese woman who is pregnant for the first time

B. a 38-year-old white woman who already has three children

C. a 29-year-old East Indian woman whose sister did have twins

D. a 42-year-old African-American woman who is pregnant for the first time

A. a 19-year-old Japanese woman who is pregnant for the first time

The increased use of fertility drugs, along with delayed childbearing, has resulted in

A. an increase in multiple births

B. a decrease in multiple births

C. no change in multiple births

D. no relationship between these factors

A. an increase in multiple births

You tell your parents that in college you wish to study the science of genetics. What will be the focus of your study?

A. The inborn, inherited factors that affect development.

B. The effects of environmental influences on phenotypic development.

C. The interactions of the environment with nurturing factors.

D. The factors responsible for all differences between people.

A. The inborn, inherited factors that affect development.

The human genome project was established to

A. develop successful human cloning procedures

B. map the precise order in which genes are expressed or activated

C. provide DNA information for use in criminal defenses

D. established the differences in humans and animal DNA

B. map the precise order in which genes are expressed or activated

You meet a scientist who tells you that she studies the chemical that directs protein synthesis in cells. What chemical does she study?

A. teratogenic substances

B. adenosine monophosphate

C. arachidonic acid

D. deoxyribonucleic acid

D. deoxyribonucleic acid

Meiosis

A. results in two cells, each with 46 chromosomes

B. results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half

C. refers to the addition of an extra twenty-first chromosome

D. the process by which the egg and sperm combine

B. results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half

Within each cell nucleus are these coils of DNA called

A. genes

B. human genomes

C. chromosomes

D. zygotes

C. chromosomes

Genetic action that triggers both the development of the growth of the body and brain are often regulated by

A. the specific strength and viability of growth genes

B. hormone levels that stimulate genes

C. amount of stress present in the environment

D. adequate nutrition during the developmental process.

B. hormone levels that stimulate genes

The sex cells—ova and sperm—are called ________ and the fertilized ovum are called _______.

A. gametes; zygotes

B. zygotes; gametes

C. embryonic cells; sex-linked cells

D. sex chromosomes; zygotes

A. gametes; zygotes

How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have? A. 22 B. 23 C. 44 D. 46

B. 23

The name for the process of cell division that produces copies of cells with the 46 chromosomes is A. diffusion B. meiosis C. translocation D. mitosis

D. mitosis

While discussing the sex of the "proposed" baby in their future, Tasha and Vladimir found that it is the chromosomes of __________ that determine the sex of the child.

A. the mother

B. the father

C. both parents

D. chance

B. the father

Researchers working in the field of _____________ have been able to identify the role of specific genes that contribute to certain diseases and even certain personality traits.

A. heredity

B. molecular genetics

C. child development

D. development

B. molecular genetics

The chromosomes that do not determine sex are called

A. zygotes

B. genes

C. gametes

D. autosomes

D. autosomes

The process of sexual differentiation that occurs during the early weeks of prenatal development is now recognized as being __________ complex as/than was previously thought.

A. less

B. not as

C. more

D. we don't know

C. more

Sexual differentiation in humans normally occurs in the embryo during the __________ after conception.

A. six to eight weeks

B. second trimester

C. moments after conception occurs

D. twelfth week

A. six to eight weeks

When tall homozygous pea plants are crossbred with homozygous short pea plants, the resulting hybrids are tall; but in the next generation, one out of four plants is short. This experiment demonstrates Mendel's law of

A. independent segregation

B. dominant inheritance

C. incomplete dominance

D. multifactorial inheritance

B. dominant inheritance

but in the next generation, one out of four plants is short. This experiment demonstrates Mendel's law of A. independent segregation B. dominant inheritance C. incomplete dominance D. multifactorial inheritance

B. dominant inheritance

If Laurie has albinism but neither of her parents exhibits this inherited condition, the trait must be __________ and Laurie's genotype for this trait is _________.

A. dominant; homozygous

B. recessive; homozygous

C. dominant; heterozygous

D. recessive; heterozygous

B. recessive; homozygous

A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual, but is not expressed in the phenotype is A. recessive B. partially dominant C. homozygous D. regressive

A. recessive

When neither of two alleles is dominant the resulting trait reflects the influence of both. This is called A. polygenic inheritance B. dominant inheritance C. codominance D. recessive inheritance

A. polygenic inheritance

A person's observable characteristics are his or her

A. alleles

B. genetic imprint

C. phenotype

D. genotype

C. phenotype

Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister. If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color, body type, etc. Roger will need to share his sister's

A. incomplete dominance

B. phenotype

C. genotypic manifestation

D. allele differentiation

B. phenotype

Although a genotype may include the ability for musical giftedness, which of the following experiences will encourage the expression of musical talent?

A. good nutrition on the part of the mother

B. access to musical instruments/lessons

C. lack of interest in music

D. parents who have little or no musical interest or talent

B. access to musical instruments/lessons

Marsha's nickname as a child was "Shirley Temple" because of her curly hair. Although her hair is curly, she carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is

A. curly hair

B. the gene for straight hair

C. genes for both curly and straight hair

D. her total genetic makeup

A. curly hair

Traits that are affected by many genes are

A. only expressed through homozygous alleles

B. usually recessive for females

C. generally dominant in monozygotic twins

D. influenced through polygenic inheritance

D. influenced through polygenic inheritance

Most of the serious malformations that increase the risk of dying shortly after birth involve

A. the nervous

B. the heart and blood vessels

C. the respiratory system

D. the circulatory and the nervous system

D. the circulatory and the nervous system

Genetic material that has been permanently altered due to environmental conditions such as radiation or environmental hazards is/are called

A. incomplete dominance

B. recessive defects

C. alleles

D. mutations

D. mutations

An interaction between genetic and environmental factors is thought to be responsible for

A. Down syndrome

B. sickle-cell anemia

C. spina bifida

D. Tay-Sachs disease

C. spina bifida

Which of the following disorders is probably due to multifactorial transmission?

A. Tay-Sachs disease

B. sickle-cell anemia

C. Huntington's disease

D. spina bifida

D. spina bifida

Which birth defect afflicts European Jews at a rate of 1 in 3000?

A. Tay-Sachs disease

B. sickle-cell anemia

C. cystic fibrosis

D. Cooley's anemia

A. Tay-Sachs disease

A genetic defect in males that results in muscle weakness with respiratory failure and death in young adulthood is

A. cystic fibrosis

B. Down syndrome

C. muscular dystrophy

D. Huntington's disease

C. muscular dystrophy

Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder. This is an example of transmission by __________ inheritance.

A. recessive

B. dominant

C. sex-linked

D. multifactorial

B. dominant

Angelina and Brandon, while not affected by the disorder, are parents who are each carriers for a specific genetic abnormality. The probability that their child will carry the gene but not be affected by the disorder is

A. greater than if only one parent carried the faulty gene

B. less than if only one parent carried the faulty gene

C. the same as if only one parent carried the faulty gene

D. 100 percent

C. the same as if only one parent carried the faulty gene

Joan has the most common lethal genetic defect among white people and will probably not live to be 30 years of age. Joan suffers from

A. PKU

B. cystic fibrosis.

C. spina bifida

D. Tay-Sachs.

B. cystic fibrosis.

Some infants are born with sex linked disorders. These disorders are

A. never seen in females

B. generally passed from father to son

C. generally passed from mother to daughter

D. often carried by a female but are not apparent in her phenotype

D. often carried by a female but are not apparent in her phenotype

Thomas suffers from a sex-linked blood-clotting disorder called Hemophilia that is transmitted by a recessive gene. Neither his mother nor his father has ever shown symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents?

A. Both the mother and the father have the faulty gene.

B. The mother is a carrier for hemophilia, while the father does not have the gene.

C. The mother is homozygous for the faulty gene while the father is heterozygous.

D. The father has the faulty gene while the mother does not.

B. The mother is a carrier for hemophilia, while the father does not have the gene.

The Keane's daughter Kara was born with a birth defect resulting from a chromosomal abnormality. The Keane's genetic counselor has assured them subsequent children will have __________ risk of also being born with a similar birth defect.

A. 100 percent

B. 50 percent

C. 25 percent

D. 0 percent

B. 50 percent

Klinefelter's syndrome and Turner's syndrome are due to abnormalities in the

A. autosomes

B. sex chromosomes

C. teratogens

D. gonads

B. sex chromosomes

Social competence was measured in girls with Turner's syndrome, a defect where infants are found to have an X chromosome missing. Those who received the single X from their fathers did better and were more adjusted than those that received the single X from their mothers. The dad's gene seemed to override the mothers chemically altered gene. This is an example

A. genetic imprinting

B. a sex-linked characteristic

C. a recessive trait

D. incomplete dominance

A. genetic imprinting

Latrice was born with an extra fold of skin at the corners of her eyes, a small head, protruding tongue, and mental retardation. She probably has

A. Turner's syndrome

B. Klinefelter's syndrome

C. Down syndrome

D. hemophilia

C. Down syndrome

Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is true?

A. It is due to a defect in the sex chromosomes.

B. If one identical twin has the disorder, the other twin must also have the disorder.

C. It is the cause of about one-third of all cases of moderate-to-severe mental retardation.

D. Individuals with the disorder must be hospitalized throughout much of their lives.

C. It is the cause of about one-third of all cases of moderate-to-severe mental retardation.

A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down syndrome is A. increased age of mother or father B. parent's use of tobacco C. parent's use of alcohol D. a defective XY chromosome pattern

A. increased age of mother or father

The most frequently stated cause for Down syndrome is A. a recessive gene B. seasonal fluctuations of hormones C. exposure to x-rays and pesticides D. an accident in chromosome distribution

D. an accident in chromosome distribution

The most common chromosomal abnormality that takes place in the autosomes is A. Klinefelter's syndrome B. Down syndrome C. Turner's syndrome D. Walker syndrome

B. Down syndrome

Emanuel's friend Natalie has just given birth to a child with Down syndrome. What might he tell her about the future prospects for the child? A. After the first three years, the child's intellectual development will catch up with normal children. B. The child's retardation will be so severe that she must place the child in an institution. C. Although the child will be retarded, she can learn useful skills to support herself as an adult. D. The child is likely to die of respiratory problems before 10 years of age.

C. Although the child will be retarded, she can learn useful skills to support herself as an adult.

Which of the following statements about persons with Down syndrome is true? A. Most are profoundly retarded. B. Most have severe health problems and die before age 30. C. Most require total care for life. D. Most can function to some degree in society.

D. Most can function to some degree in society.

The Slocum's were recently married and decided to visit with a genetic counselor in order to discover their likelihood of having a child with a hereditary illness. The genetic counselor obtains magnified photographs of each parent's chromosomes and arranges them on a chart according to size and structure. What is this chart called? A. allele typing B. phenotype C. gamete analysis D. karyotype

D. karyotype

Which family would have the least need for genetic counseling? A. one who has already had a child with a genetic defect B. one who has a family history of hereditary illness C. one who has an immediate concern about defects D. one who suffers from conditions suspected to be inherited

C. one who has an immediate concern about defects

In attempting to study the degree to which genetics influence activity levels in newborns, Dr. Dan Lane compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on that trait. This research is attempting to determine the __________ of the trait activity levels. A. teratogenesis B. genotype C. karyotype D. heritability

D. heritability

A statistical estimate of how great a contribution heredity makes toward individual differences in a specific trait at a certain time within a given population is referred to as A. inheritance B. heritability C. heredity D. genetics

B. heritability

Your text suggests that the ability to identify genes that contribute to serious disorders, and the ability to influence normal traits may result in all of the following except A. genetic screening of newborns B. gene therapy to repair or replace genes C. gene therapy to design the "perfect child" D. genetic screening to decide who to select as partners to have children with

C. gene therapy to design the "perfect child"

While some simple physical characteristics like eye color are clearly inherited, more complex traits like intelligence seem to be due A. almost entirely to heredity, or nature B. almost entirely to the environment, or nurture C. to an interaction between nature and nurture D. almost exclusively to maturation

C. to an interaction between nature and nurture

Family studies fail to rule out the extent to which environmental factors influence certain traits. To separate the effects of heredity from those of environment researchers do A. twin studies B. experimental studies C. adoption studies D. longitudinal studies

C. adoption studies

For a chiefly hereditary trait, A. fraternal twins would show more concordance than identical twins B. identical twins would show more concordance than fraternal twins C. identical and fraternal twins would be equally concordant D. identical twins in different environments would be least concordant

B. identical twins would show more concordance than fraternal twins

Although Jean-Paul's adoptive parents are quite short in stature, he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Jean-Paul's height? A. It is influenced primarily by the positive environment of the adoptive family. B. It is influenced primarily by heredity. C. Nutrition did not influence his height. D. It is primarily a result of independent segregation.

B. It is influenced primarily by heredity.

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment? A. Bill, who was adopted at birth, died at the same age as his biological father. B. Patty, who was adopted at the age of 2, walks like her adoptive mother. C. Matt and Jason, identical twins who were separated at birth, are both overweight. D. Marie and Amy are fraternal twins who were reared apart. Marie has high blood pressure and Amy does not.

B. Patty, who was adopted at the age of 2, walks like her adoptive mother.

Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct according to your text? A. A person's height is determined by his or her genes. B. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. C. The genetic upper limit or range of height can be raised by improved nutrition. D. Nutrition is more important than genetic limits or range.

B. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition.

Which child would be likely to exhibit the smallest reaction range for the trait of intelligence? A. a child born with severe brain damage B. a child born with mild brain damage C. a child born to parents with normal intelligence D. a child born to parents with extremely high intelligence

A. a child born with severe brain damage

Which of the following statements about environmental influences is not true? A. Children growing up in the same family have the same environment. B. Some individual experiences, like illness and injury, become environmental influences. C. Siblings are usually more different than alike. D. The home is the primary environment in the early years of life.

A. Children growing up in the same family have the same environment.

Susan and Betty are monozygotic twins, while George and Brent are dizygotic twins. If a particular trait is determined primarily by hereditary factors, what would be the relative degree of concordance in these two twin pairs? A. George and Brent would be more concordant than Susan and Betty. B. Susan and Betty would be more concordant than George and Brent. C. In similar environments, the two sets of twins would be equally concordant. D. It is not possible to determine concordance from studying twins.

B. Susan and Betty would be more concordant than George and Brent.

Monochorionic twins tend to be __________ concordant than dichorionic twins in IQ, certain personality patterns and cholesterol levels. A. less B. more C. no difference D. research is inconclusive

B. more

A strongly canalized trait is one that A. is easily influenced by environmental conditions B. is affected little by environmental conditions C. only appears in certain situations D. has a large reaction range

B. is affected little by environmental conditions

Generalizing from the text: one would predict that characteristics that exhibit a _________ degree of canalization would display a _________ level of concordance in monozygotic twin. A. high

high B. low

high C. high

negative D. low

stable

A. high

high

Which of the following traits would be the least highly canalized in most human beings? A. eye color B. body type C. motor development D. personality

B. body type

The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences

that is, certain genetic and environmental influences tend to act in the same direction. This tendency is called A. environment-genotype covariance B. genotype-environment correlation C. niche-picking D. shared environment

B. genotype-environment correlation

The genetic-environment correlation where children with different genetic makeups evoke responses from adults that strengthen the child's genetic inclinations are called A. passive correlations B. reactive correlations C. niche-picking D. active correlations

B. reactive correlations

Which of the following would be considered to be the most highly canalized trait at birth? A. sequence of motor development B. tendency toward early sexual activity C. antisocial behavior D. language development

A. sequence of motor development

Which of the following physiological traits are determined primarily by heredity rather than by an interaction between heredity and environment? A. obesity B. longevity of life C. facial structure D. greater risk for some medical disorders

C. facial structure

Studies of intelligence indicate that A. older children are more influenced by environment B. younger children show greater environmental effects, but these may diminish later in life C. the environment is the most important factor in intelligence and will overcome genetic deficits D. adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents

B. younger children show greater environmental effects, but these may diminish later in life

Martha is adopted at the age of 1. When she is given an IQ test at age 21 she is more likely to be similar to her A. adoptive mother B. adoptive father C. biological mother D. all of the above

C. biological mother

Studies done on 100 pairs of 7 year old siblings found significant genetic influences in all but one of the following A. sociability B. activity C. emotionality D. stubbornness

D. stubbornness

Adoption studies of intelligence indicate that A. environment is a very small factor B. environment is more important than heredity C. environment has some impact, but less so than heredity D. genetic influence is very slight

C. environment has some impact, but less so than heredity

According to the research study cited in the text book, your temperament seems primarily determined by A. the age of your parents when you were conceived B. the number of siblings you have C. your genotype D. your karyotype

C. your genotype

Which of the following statements about boldness and shyness is true? A. Shyness has a strong genetic component, while boldness is due to experience. B. Boldness or shyness appears in most children after the age of four. C. They are largely inborn and tend to stay with a person throughout life. D. Boldness and shyness are not influenced by heredity

they are shaped by the environment.

C. They are largely inborn and tend to stay with a person throughout life.

According to the text, besides genes that already have been identified by scientists as being directly linked with specific personality traits, an additional estimated _____________ other genes may also be involved in anxiety. A. 3 B. 10-15 C. 20-25 D. 100

B. 10-15

Researchers are first able to determine a child's temperament at what age? A. not before three years B. very early in infancy C. not before twelve months D. not until puberty

B. very early in infancy

Which of the following psychopathologies does not seem to have a strong heredity influence? A. schizophrenia B. autism C. depression D. anxiety

D. anxiety

Which of the following has not been mentioned as an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia? A. fetal undernourishment B. fathers who are over 50 C. lack of the brain chemical reelin D. babies born in rural areas

D. babies born in rural areas

A psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, which also seems to have a strong genetic component is A. neuroticism B. depression C. schizophrenia D. mental retardation

C. schizophrenia

Concordance rates for schizophrenia are highest between A. mothers and biological sons or daughters B. grandparents and grandchildren C. members of monozygotic twin pairs D. members of dizygotic twin pairs

C. members of monozygotic twin pairs

A couple has a 2-year-old son who has never been very responsive to social stimulation, shows little language development, and engages in repetitive behaviors. A probable diagnosis for this child is A. depression B. alpha thalassemia C. Down syndrome D. autism

D. autism