gpt test stuff

6/24/26 :((

True or False: Mutations may arise from reactive molecules produced during normal metabolism.

True

Environmental mutagen definition

something outside the cell that causes DNA damage

What repair mechanism you use for replication mistake?

mismatch repair

Which repair mechanism removes a damaged base and replaces it?

base excision

Which repair mechanism cuts out an entire damaged DNA segment?

nucleotide excision

A species has 24 chromosomes in its body cells. How many chromosomes would normally be found in its gametes?

12

give examples of Autosomal recessive trait?

Cystic fibrosis, Sickle-cell anemia

give examples of Autosomal dominant trait?

Huntington's disease, Dwarfism

Aneuploidy definition

extra or missing chromosomes

polyploidy definition

extra whole chromosome sets

antigenic drift (virus) definition

small mutations over time

antigenic shift (virus) definition

big change, new strain

what do proto-oncogenes do?

control cell growth/division

what does Hemagglutinin do?

attachment/host recognition

What does Neuraminidase do?

Helps release new viruses

genetic drift definition

random change in allele frequencies

Is HIV DNA or RNA?

RNA

Is HIV enveloped?

yes

What is the enzyme for retriviruses?

reverse transcriptase

T or F: Frameshift mutation would most likely have the greatest effect on protein function

True

A trait is controlled by several genes and is also influenced by nutrition and environment. The trait is best described as

multifactorial

T or F: Gene duplication provides the greatest opportunity for evolution of entirely new gene functions

True

A DNA repair system removes a mismatch-containing DNA segment and then fills in the correct sequence. This is:

mismatch repair

base excision repair definition

damaged single base removed

nucleotide base excision repair definition

removes larger damaged section

linked genes definition

Genes located on the same chromosome

Crossing over breaks up ____ genes

linked genes

crossing over definition

exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes

macroevolution definition

long-term large-scale changes

microevolution definition

small changes in allele frequencies over time

Are there homologus chromosomes in gametes?

No

When chromosomes form tetrads in meisosis?

during prophase 1

What proteins hold sister chromatids together?

cohesions

What is chiasmata?

overlapping of homologus chromosomes

T or F: Cross over promotes genetic variation

True

What does cross over occur between?

non sister chromatids

What is turner syndrome

nonlethal, lack X chromosome, monosomy

What is klinefelter syndrome

in males, XXY

T or F: XXX females are healthy

True

First level of separation of cell during meiosis?

cytokinesis

What happens in anaphase 2?

centromere splits, separate sister chromatids

monosomy definitiom

lethal on autosomes, baby die

trisomy definition

baby can survive

what is phenotypic ratio always?

3 to 1

what is test cross

use homozygous breeding

What dominance is 50/50 or blend between traits?

incomplete

How many allelecopies can we have in our body?

2

What are pedigrees used for?

to check how trait passed on

IN pedigrees, unaffected is

shaded in

in pedigrees, homozygous recessive is

not shaded in

Are viruses prokaryote or eukaryote?

neither, they are not true cells

t or f: sickle cell alleles have negative consequences

true

t or f: natural selection only factor for evolution

false

t or f: genetic drift reduces genetic variation

true

what cant BSC be applied to?

asexuals and fossils

sympatric speciation definition

geographic overlapping

punctauted eqilibrium definition

long time little change then brief rapid changes

gradualism meaning

small changes build up over long time

t or f: insertion or deletion can lead to frameshift mutation

true

t or f: nonsense mutation worse earlier in gene

true