APUSH Semester 1 EXAM review

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

The "Great Compromise"

The creation of the 2 Houses of Congress: The Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate had 1 representative from each state while the House of Representatives has representatives based on the population of the state

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court is the final interpreter of the Constitution and thus had the authority to declare laws unconstitutional - Significantly increased the power of the Supreme Court

Article I of the Constitution

The Legislative Branch

Article II of the Constitution

Executive Branch
-Main roles of President: Commander in Chief, "executive power" - can enforce/execute the law
-President's can't make laws and declare war

Article III of the Constitution

Judicial Branch (National Court System/Supreme Court)

Hamilton's Economic Plan

1. Excise tax: tax on manufactured goods (whiskey)
2. NATIONAL BANK: Bank of the United States: the private entity with Government owning stock, conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson
3. REVOLUTIONARY WAR DEBT: funding all debt at face value: pay off all debt plus interest, people who own bonds make lots of money
4. STATE DEBTS: take on state debts under national government: states incurred debt under the Revolutionary War, favored by states with large debt
5. TARIFFS: tax on foreign goods - designed to raise revenue for government and protect American industries

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Definition of Market Revolution

Development of a modern, integrated economy in U.S. stimulated by improvements in transportation, manufacturing and agriculture
-had an impact on the economy, politics, social and demographic trands, and more

Erie Canal

Constructed in NY in 1825, linked western farms with eastern manufacturing
-created a flurry of canal building throughout the states

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney: invented interchangeable parts with revolutionized the industrial sector (firstly applied to guns)
Cotton Gin: significantly sped up the process of separating cotton seeds from cotton fibers - (along with spinning machine) these inventions transformed southern agriculture

Ban on importation of slaves 1808

Act was poorly enforced, Africans continued being smuggled in, in small numbers

Georgia and S. Carolina voted against this because they needed the slaves, and the price would go up: supply and demand.
The other states that had slaves voted for it because they had more slaves than they needed so they could sell them to Georgia and S. Carolina for a larger price.
Demand for slaves increasing in Deep South due to cotton.

The Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)

-in 1819, Missouri applied to be a slave state and join but it would throw off the balance
-an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery states in the U.S. concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
-Missouri= slave state
-Main = free state
-in LA Territory, anything above 36 degrees 30 north would be slave, below would be free

Republican Motherhood

The ideas that mothers were in best position to influence political ideas by raising virtuous sons educated in the principles of liberty
-helped expand schooling for girls
-came form essay called Essay on Female Education, written by Benjamin Rush in 1787

The Cult of True Womanhood (or Domesticity)

where women were expected to be "systematic, neat and thorough", held responsibilities as moral and cultural protectors of their families and of society. Women preserved important values during a changing time period. The woman's role in the family life was to also please her husband and make him happier and more honorable.

Depression of 1819

-European farmers returned back to work so now low demand caused agricultural prices decline dramatically
-cotton and corn growers got hit hard
-increase in foreclosures
-farmers (mad) blame the banks -> bank of the U.S. -> blame politicians that support the U.S. bank
-mostly effected people that live in south and west (regional)

Indian Removal Policy

-state of Georgia tried to force Cherokee to move but Cherokee challenged in Supreme court (Worcester v Georgia) & Cherokee won!-meeting made Treaty of New Echota-exchanged Cherokee lands in the East for money and reservations in West-led to forcible removal of the Cherokees and other tribes-trail of tears

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to travel from North Carolina and Georgia through more than 800 miles to Oklahoma More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

2nd Bank of the US

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit

Jackson's Veto of the Bank

applied to Congress in 1832 for a new charter to the bank, 4 years in advance of the expiration date to allow the bank to become a major issue in the 1832 election
-Congress passed the bill, but Jackson vetoed it

Nulification Crisis

a dispute between South Carolina and the federal government in the late 1820's over the state's right to nullify or cancel an unpopular tariff

John C. Calhoun

Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification

2nd Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans, and Native Americans
-social reform
-create a "heaven on earth"

Lyman Beecher

Presbyterian minister, wanted to bring kingdom of Christ to the US. He is credited as a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States. Criticized other religions, along with drinking and gambling. Alienated himself from the people because of criticisms.

Temperance

rooted in America's Protestant churches
-first urged moderation,
-then urged to stop drinking in total
-ultimately demanded that local, state, and national governments prohibit alcohol outright

Horace Mann and education reform

-Father of Modern Public education
-Mann started a public education movement called Common School Movement. The movement pushed for better-developed, tax-funded, secular school systems. --Mann established teacher training

Dorothea Dix and asylum reform

-brought attention to the treatment of 'lesser' humans being abused and contained in deficient conditions.

-Dorothea Dix brought the conditions to light and eventually convinced people that asylums and prisons needed to have more hospitable settings.
- Her pleas followed the 8th amendment,
- The mentally ill were kept safe and treated humanely after her supplication.

abolition

campaign to end slavery in the United States, before and during the Civil War

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent American abolitionist and journalist. He was the creator of The Liberator, (radical abolitionist newspaper) and a founder of the American Anti-slavery society. He was also a voice in the women's suffrage movement

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

David Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

1829-written by david walker, son of a slave, born free in nc-argues that American slavery is the worst kind because American slaves are labled unhuman, it is a completly racial system-georgia offers reward to anyone who catches him

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention
-Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women.

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

a petition for women's rights modeled on the Declaration of Independence
-It was organized by prominent activists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-organized the first convention on women's rights
Lucretia: A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognize
Elizabeth: Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

John L. O'Sullivan

American columnist and editor made famous for introducing the concept of "Manifest Destiny" in an article in 1845

Manifest Destiny

The idea that America was destined- by God and by history- to expand its boundaries over a vast area, an area that included, but was not necessarily restricted to, the continent of North America.

Controversy over Manifest Destiny

Believe in: Racial justification, unique creation of America, and the idea that it was not selfish, it was an altruistic attempt to extend American liberty to new realms.

Oppose: Some prominent politicians, such as Henry Clay, believed that territorial expansion would reopen the painful controversy over slavery and threaten the stability of the Union.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million
-gave Mexicans one year to choose between U.S. or Mexican citizenship
-reopen issue of slavery

Wilmot Proviso

Bill proposed after the Mexican War that stated that neither slavery or involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any territory gained from Mexico.
-It was never passed through both houses but it transformed the debate of slavery

Popular Sovereignty

a doctrine stating that the sovereign people of a territory should themselves determine the status of slavery within that territory
-became opposed by abolitionists who believed it would unduly protect slavery in the western territories

Omnibus Bill

Henry Clay's original compromise, submitted as a package that had to be approved together. This format failed, since so many separate terms faced opposition. This was modified to be the Compromise of 1850 under Stephen A. Douglas, who submitted each term separately to Congress instead.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state
(2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico
(3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries
(4) federal assumption of Texas debt
(5) slave trade abolished in DC, (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

A novel that showed northerners and the world the horrors of slavery while southerners attack it as an exaggeration, contributed to the start of the Civil War

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to choose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

American Party

Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846

John C. Fremont

American military officer, explorer, the 1st candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the US
-1st presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery
-founded & explored CA in preceding decades; "Pathfinder"- mapped Oregon Trail

Dred Scott Decision

Since slaves are property of their masters, a slave is not automatically granted his freedom when his master moves him to a free state or territory
-MIGHT HAVE TO KNOW ABOUT DRED SCOTT CAS

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

One of the immediate causes of the civil war
-2nd largest armory in the US
-John Brown hoped for a massive slave rebellion starting at Harpers Ferry
-Brown and his followers took control of the armory
-Failed. Brown and followers captured
-Brown became a hero to abolitionists
-The south saw it as the first of many attacks and associated Brown with the Republican Party

1860 Election and its candidates

election where slavery was the central issue, Abraham Lincoln (Republican) won over John Breckinridge (Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party). Lincoln won 40% of popular vote, but won a large majority of electoral votes. Lincoln's victory leads the south to secede (with draw formally from union)

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Puritans

Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.

John Winthrop

john is founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony & New England's governor for 12 years of the colony's first 20 years of existence

Model on Christian Charity/ City upon a hill

sermon by Puritan layman and leader John Winthrop
meant to remind his flock of their roots, the importance of maintaining adherence to Biblical precepts, and working together as a community????

How does a bill pass in Congress

- it must pass as a bill in both the House and Senate by simple majority (50%)
- worded the exact same way
- then must be approved and signed by the president or not vetoed by him in 10 days

Famous people from Massachusetts

Dr. Curran

Dr. Curran's favorite and least favorite president

favorite: Abraham Lincoln
least favorite: Andrew Johnson