Anatomy & Physiology 12 - Blood & Nymph

not my monkeys not my circus

Blood

• Transports gases, wastes & nutrients

• Clots to seal injuries

• Fights infection

Components of Blood

• Plasma: The liquid part (55%)

• Formed Elements: Cells (45%)

Components of plasma

water, plasma proteins, gases, nutrients, salts, wastes, hormones/vitamins

Water functions in terms of plasma

• maintains blood volume, transports molecules, absorbed into blood at colon & nephron

Plasma protein functions

• maintain blood osmotic pressure, pH

Kinds of plasma proteins

Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulin

Albumin

• transport

• Secreted by liver

Fibrinogen

• Clotting

• Secreted by the liver

Globulin

• fight infection

• produced by formed elements, travels in plasma

Gases in terms of plasma

• O₂ from lungs are needed for cellular respiration,

• CO₂ from tissues is an end product of metabolism

Nutrients in terms of plasma

• glucose, fatty acids, amino acids absorbed by intestinal villi

Salts in terms of plasma

• maintain blood osmotic pressure, pH, metabolism, absorbed at intestinal villi & nephron

Wastes in terms of plasma

• end products of metabolism within tissues

Hormones & Vitamins in terms of plasma

• synthesized all over body/produced in colon - aid metabolism

Red bone Marrow

• Location of formed elements (Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• Transport O₂, H⁺, CO₂ (via H₂CO₃)

• No nucleus

• More than 95% of formed elements

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

• Fights infections within the body

• 2 kinds: granular, agranular

Granular White Blood Cells

• lobed nuclei, cytoplasm granules

  • Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils

Agranular White blood cells

• rounded nuclei, no granules

  • Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

• Participate in blood clotting process

Neutrophils, Eosinophils

• Granular White blood cells

• Engulfs invaders at site of infection (phagocytosis)

Monocytes in terms of fighting infections

• Agranular White blood cells

• Engulf invaders at the site of infection (phagocytosis)

Lymphocytes (B cells, Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T cells)

• Secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) which bind to antigens on pathogens to inactivate pathogens

Antigen

• Protein / Carbohydrate found on the surface of pathogens (e.g. protein coat)

Antibodies

• Released by Lymphocytes and stimulated by the presence of Antigens

• Binds to Antigens to cause lysis of pathogen OR Marks pathogen for destruction by White Blood Cells

Immunity

• 1 type of antibody specific to 1 type of antigen. If antibodies are present, the patient is immune to the antigen/pathogen

Bradykinin (BK)

• Factors forming _____ are released by injured tissues & capillaries (stimulates nerves, causes pain)

• Causes basophils to release Histamine

Histamine

• Released by basophils

• Causes capillaries to dilate, enlarge & become more permeable

• Results in proteins & fluids to escape, resulting in swelling 

• Swelling isolates pathogens from further contact with tissue

Neutrophils & Eosinophils in terms of inflammatory response

• Change shape to squeeze through enlarged capillary walls to enter tissue

Monocytes in terms inflammatory response

• Become Macrophages that phagocytose & stimulate the release of other white blood cells from bone marrow

Pus

• Remains of immune response, consisting of leukocytes & things that got phagocytosed (old/dead blood cells & tissue, bacteria, debris)

Prothrombinase

• Injured tissues and platelets release the enzyme ________, which requires vitamin K for synthesis

• _________ catalyzes the conversion of enzyme Prothrombin into enzyme Thrombin, which requires Ca²⁺

Prothrombin

• Prothrombinase catalyzes the conversion of enzyme __________ into enzyme Thrombin, which requires Ca²⁺

Thrombin

• Prothrombinase catalyzes the conversion of enzyme Prothrombin into enzyme ______, which requires Ca²⁺

• _______ cuts Amino Acids ends off of Fibrinogen (protein) molecules to form Fibrin fragments

Fibrinogen

• Thrombin cuts Amino Acids ends off of _______ (protein) molecules to form Fibrin fragments

Fibrin

• Thrombin cuts Amino Acids ends off of Fibrinogen (protein) molecules to form ______ fragments

• _____ protein fragments join together to form long fibers, the framework of clot

Lymph

• Carries nutrients around the body, especially fat

• Distributes germ-fighting White Blood Cells

• Drains interstitial fluid (tissue fluid), that collects in spaces between cells, into the circulatory system

Movement of Lymph

• Secondary Transport: no pump of its own

• Flow depends on the pressure from surrounding blood vessels, valves in lymph veins, peristalsis

• Lymph moves to circulatory system to become part of blood

Composition of Lymph

• Resembles blood plasma but more dilute,

• 5% protein, 1% salts, fats and White blood cells

Right Lymphatic Duct

• Drains upper body lymph into Right Subclavian Vein

Thoracic Duct

• Drains lower body lymph into Left Subclavian Vein

Lymph Nodes

• Transport junctions where lymph encounters pathogens

• Swells when infected

Lymph Veins

• Transports Lymph

Tonsils, thymus, spleen, red bone marrow

• Produces lymphocytes

Lymph Capillaries

• Site of interstitial fluid absorption

• Particles absorbed are those too large to be diffused through blood capillaries

  • Cell debris

  • Fat globules

  • Protein particles