Unit 1: Renaissance & ExplorationL

Petrarch (1304 - 1375)

The founder of humanism,

Leonardo Bruni (1369-1444)

Translated ancient Greek texts into Latin. In addition, he served Florence in various political capacities and later wrote Latin history for the city. He is most famous for for admiration of Cicero, the Roman statesman and model of civic virtue

Lorenzo de’ Medici (1449-1492):

Known as the “Magnificent,” _____ ruled Florence during its golden age. He was a strong advocate for civic humanism (the ideal of a citizen's participation in a classically inspired republic). He is most known for his patronage of the intellectuals and the arts.

Donatello (1386-1466):

Revived the free-standing sculpture. Most famous for his statue of Daavid

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Gained fame for paintings such as The Mona Lisa. His diverse interests led him into science, engineering, and anatomy. Introduced the notion of systematic observation.

Johan Gutenberg

Perfected the printing press in the 1450s

Henry VII (r.1485-1509)

Hennry VIII (r.1509-1547

English New Monarchs

Louis XI, the “spider” (r.1461-1483)

Francis 1 (r.1515-1547)

French New Monarchs

Ivan III, the “great” (r.1462-1505)

Ivan IV, the “terrible” (r.1547-1584)

Russian New Monarchs

Isabella of Castile’s (r.1479-1504)

Ferdinand of Aragon’s (r.1479-1516)

Charles I (aka Charles V in the HRE, 1516-1556)

Spanish New Monarchs

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

A Dutch scholar, theologian, and influential figure in the Northern Renaissance, renowned for his classical scholarship and critique of church abuses.

Thomas Moore

 An English lawyer, statesman, and philosopher who served as Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII from 1529 to 1532. He is most famous for his book Utopia and his ultimate execution for refusing to acknowledge the King as the supreme head of the Church of England

Pope Leo X (1513-1521)

Allowed the sale of indulgences to finance the building of saint peters basilica.

Martin Luther

Religious Reformer who responses to church abuses with his “95 thesis”

Charles V (1516-1556)

Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, who was a significant figure during the Protestant Reformation, opposing Martin Luther and maintaining Catholic Church authority.

John Calvin (1509-1564):

Born in France, set up his reform movement in Switzerland, recognized as the unquestioned leader of Geneva. Accepted much of Luther’s reform ideology, but placed more emphasis on predestination, the notion that God knows and prejudges salvation for each person before birth.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531):

Served as a chaplain to many Swiss mercenaries. Established a reformed movement, more radical in style. Did not believe in distractions from the lord, or the Eucharist.

Henry VIII (8):

Tolerated no opposition to the Catholic church

• Earned the title “Defender of the faith” for penning a response to Luther’s attack on the sacraments

Pope Clement VIII,

Catholic Pope known for his efforts against King Henry 8th, and nephew of his wife, Catherine of Aragon

Phillip II of Spain

King of Spain and husband of Queen Mary I

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

English Queen who was a Politique

Philip Melancthon

Advocated for a system of basic schooling called the gymnasia

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of Society of Jesus or Jesuits

Angela Merici

Founder of the Ursulines

Pope Paul IV (1555-1559)

Catholic pope who created in index of probibited booksand enforced the Roman Inquisition to combat heresy, emphasizing the importance of Catholic doctrine.