G&D Exam 3- Gait and Fundamental Motor Skills

what is the normal percentage of the stance phase

60%

what is the normal percentage of the swing phase

40%

how does a baby’s gait pattern compare to a normal person’s

longer stance phase and double limb support

what are the characteristics of mature gait

reciprocal arm swing with steps, upright trunk, knee flexion in stance for LR, foot and ankle aligned with plane of movement (sagittal), and heel strike

cycle from heel contact to same heel contact

walking cycle

amount of distance covered in a given time (m/s)

walking velocity

what is the average walking velocity/ gait speed

3mph

amount of steps in a given time (steps/min)

cadence

how does cadence compare in babies

more steps

what is the average cadence

110 steps/min

heel contact to contralateral heel contact

step length

the distance covered for two steps; gait cycle

stride length

lateral distance between the feet (8-10cm)

step width

duration of single limb stance

cycle time

what is the percent of single limb stance of the gait cycle

80%

when does cycle time mature

7 years

what is the mature cycle time age related to

when the vestibular system becomes mature

when do the arms begin to swing reciprically

4 years

how does a beginner walker align their trunk

leaning toward front to initiate movement and toward weight bearing side to move weight closer to base of support

when does the hip position mature into the neutral position

3 years old

what position is considered mature for knee ROM

full extension at terminal swing and flexion in stance

when does heel strike develop

1.5 years old

when does base of support mature at

3 years

in the initial forms of gait, how is the arm positioned

high guard with scapular retraction

in the initial forms of gait, how is the hip positioned

external rotation which creates a wide base of support

in the initial forms of gait, how is the trunk positioned

leaning forward and to the side

in the initital forms of gait, what does the toddler not have

push off or heel contact

when does push off develop

two years old

how does the toddler contact the ground generally

forefoot

in the initital forms of gait, how is the pelvis oriented

anterior tilt

during the initial forms of gait, what is the toddler generally looking at

their feet or visual scanning

when does the mature gait pattern based on the five characteristics but not the adult pattern develop due to the vestibular ocular reflex not being mature yet

3-4 years

during the elementary forms of gait, is it generally egocentric or exocentric stabilization of the head

egocentric

what is the additional portion of the gait cycle that develops when the vestibular system becomes mature at 7 years

60% stance, 40% swing phase, and 80% single limb stance

as you age to an adult, how does the duration of single limb support change

increases

as you age to an adult, how does the velocity change

increases

as you age to an adult, how does the cadence change

decreases

as you age, how does the step length change

increases

as you age to an adult, how does the pelvis to ankle ratio change

becomes narrower

in the older adult, what decreases in the gait

velocity, swing phase, stride length, cadence, peak knee extension ROM, peak knee flexion in swing, vertical displacement of body

in the older adult, what increases in the gait

base of support, stance phase, time in double limb support, ankle dorsiflexion, pelvic tilt, use of visual scanning

when is the center of gravity the lowest

double limb support

when is the center of gravity the highest

single limb support

what are fundamental motor skills correlated to

emotional, social development, and health

what are the fundamental motor skills a promotion of

lifelong physical activity

what do poor motor skills result in

less participation in physical activity

what are the fundament skills of locomotion

running, jumping, hopping, galloping, and skipping

what are the object control fundamental skills

throwing, kicking, catching, and striking

in the advanced runner, how should the leg be positioned during push off

extended

in the advanced runner, why does the heel need to be close to the buttocks

to swing forward

in the advanced runner, how should the thigh be in relation to the ground when bringing leg forward

parallel

in the advanced runner, how should the trunk move

lean forward and rotate

in the advanced runner, what should the arms be doing to counterbalance leg movement

swing back and forth

in the beginning runner, how are the arms typically positioned

high or middle guard for balance

in the beginning runner, what does the knee not do

fully extend

in the beginning runner, since the knee does not fully extend, what results from this

short swing phase

in the beginning runner, what is to be said about the extremitites

not aligned with plane of movement- typically abducted for balance

what are the two types of jumping

vertical and long/broad

in the advanced vertical jumper what is expected

crouching with trunk erect to build passive tension, arms swing while legs extend and reaching with one arm

in the beginner vertical jumper, what is typically seen

arms winging through scapular retraction, legs tucked instead of jumping up, and asymmetry

which type of jump typically develops first

vertical

in the advanced long jump, how is the trunk positioned

leaning forward more than 45 degrees

in the advanced long jump, how are the arms positioned throughout the movement

extended then flexed overhead before reaching forward to achieve the max distance

in the advanced long jump, how are the legs positioned

heel up then knee extends, extended knee and hip, feet leave the ground together, and knee flexion then hip

what are the three phases of long jump

deep preparatory crouch, take off, and landing

how is beginning long jumper’s trunk positioned

leaning forward less than 30 degrees

how are the arms positioned in a beginner for the long jump

no action to help movement, typically forward and abducted and extended with winging upon landing

how are the legs positioned in s beginner for the long jump

asymmetrical, flexed at take off and knee extends before the heel comes off: more like hopping

how much length each year is achieved in horizontal distance

3 to 5 in

how much height is achieved each consecutive year vertically

2 in.

what is the easiest form of jumping

jump/step down from 1 foot to the other

at what age does jumping down from 1 foot to the other develop

2 years

what comes after jumping down from 1 foot to the other

jump up from 2 feet to 2 feet

what comes after jumping up from 2 feet to 2 feet

jump down from 1 foot to 2 feet

what comes after jumping down from 1 foot to 2 feet

jumping down from 2 feet to 2 feet

what comes after jumping down from 2 feet to 2 feet

run and jump forward from one foot to the other

when does running and jumping forward from one foot to the other develop

3 years

what comes after running and jumping forward from 1 foot to the other

jump forward with both feet

what comes after jumping forward with both feet

run and jump forward from 1 foot to 2 feet

what comes after running and jumping forward from 1 foot to 2 feet

jumping over an obstacle with both feet

when does jumping over an obstacle with both feet develop

3.5 years

what comes after jumping over an obstacle with both feet

jumping from one foot to the same foot rhythmically (hopping)

when does jumping from one foot to the same foot develop

6 years

in the advanced hopper, how are the arms positioned

forward with opposite swing leg assisting

in the advanced hopper, how are the legs positioned

support leg extends while the swing leg pumps and leads

how is the beginning hoppers arms positioned

only slight movement; are bilateral reactive

how is the hopping leg positioned in the beginning hopper

pulled off with some extension

how is the swing leg positioned in the beginning hopper

held in front with no action

walking on the leading leg followed by a running step on the rear leg

galloping

what is denoted as an advanced galloper

arms move in opposition to the legs and there is a rhythmic, heel-toe landing

what is typically seen in the beginning galloper

arrythmic and stiff movements, arms held in high guard to balance, exaggerated vertical movement, and rear leg may pass the lead one

a step, then hop on one leg, followed by a step, then hop on the other leg

skipping

what is denoted as the advanced skipper

arms move in opposition to the legs

what is the last locomoter stage to develop at 5 years old

skipping

what is seen in the beginning skipper

knee lifts to hop, skip with one leg only and running with the other, not using the arms to assist or use inconsistently

what is the throwing progression

underhand→overhand→ step with ipsilateral leg→ contralateral

at what age can a child throw 5 feet

3 years

at what age can a child throw 6 feet

3.5 years

at what age can a child throw 8 feet

4 years