Module 6 -5

Crystallized intelligence

Specified learned knowledge or skills gained through education and life experience.

Fluid intelligence

The ability to reason and learn without relying on prior knowledge.

Schema

An organized system of thought about a particular topic or idea.

Assimilation

Applying knowledge to an established schema.

Accommodation

Modifying an existing schema to fit newly learned information.

Theory of Mind

Understanding that people have mental states (thoughts/beliefs/intentions) other than one's own.

Sally-Anne False-Belief Task

A test to determine whether a child has developed Theory of Mind by showing that a child understands different perspectives.

Zone of Proximal Development

A child can make rapid progress if they receive sensitive and skilled guidance when near their mental skill ability.

Scaffolding

Support that an individual or child receives to solve problems or discover principles that align with their needs.

Associative Learning

Experience that leads to relatively permanent change in behavior, often through associating stimuli or behaviors.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a behavioral response.

Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

The weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

Higher-order Conditioning

Using a well-learned conditioned stimulus to associate with other responses.

Vicarious Classical Conditioning

Conditioned emotional responses based on observing others' conditioned behaviors.

Operant Conditioning

Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior, where responses are voluntary. either punishment or reinforcement

Reinforcement

Any event that increases the likelihood of a particular target response.

Punishment

Any event that decreases the probability of a target response.

Primary Reinforcers

Reinforcers that satisfy basic physical needs, such as food or water.

Secondary Reinforcers

Learned preferences associated with other stimuli, such as money or praise.

Partial Reinforcement

A reinforcement schedule where not every response is followed by reinforcement, making behavior resistant to extinction. sometimes getting a reward and sometimes no reward, based on anticipation

Timing in Reinforcement

The importance of when reinforcement occurs in relation to the behavior to effectively influence it.

Aversive punishment

Punishment that can lead to aggressive responses and often correlates with antisocial behavior.

Praise & encouragement

Effective discipline strategies that reinforce positive behaviors and redirect attention from negative behaviors.

Cognitive maps

Mental representations of the environment and spatial layouts.

Programmed instruction

Learning technique involving small increments and regular practice for effective learning.