The Self: Self-construal, Self-awareness & Self-esteem

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on self-construal, self-awareness, and self-esteem, highlighting definitions, influential theories, and the impact of cultural and gender differences.

Self-construal

A psychological construct that describes how individuals define themselves in relation to others.

Independent self-construal

A self-view common in individualistic cultures that emphasizes autonomy and self-reliance.

Interdependent self-construal

A self-view common in collectivist cultures that emphasizes relationships and group memberships.

Self-awareness

A psychological state in which one becomes aware of oneself as an object of attention.

Private self-awareness

A focus on internal thoughts, feelings, and attitudes.

Public self-awareness

A focus on how one's self is perceived by others.

Self-esteem (SE)

A person's overall evaluation of their self-worth.

Trait self-esteem

A stable and enduring level of self-regard across time.

State self-esteem

Dynamic self-evaluations that can change based on situational influences.

Social comparison theory

The theory that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others.

Upward social comparison

Comparing oneself to someone perceived as superior, which can lower self-esteem.

Downward social comparison

Comparing oneself to someone perceived as inferior, which can raise self-esteem.

Cultural differences in self-construal

Variations in self-views influenced by cultural values, such as individualism and collectivism.

Self-other overlap (S-O overlap)

The extent to which individuals see themselves as connected to others, characteristic of interdependent self-construal.

Gender differences in self-construal

Variations in self-views based on gender, often showing women with more interdependent self-construal than men.

Self-esteem Scale

A tool developed by Rosenberg to assess self-esteem through self-evaluation statements.

Consequences of private self-awareness

Including intensified emotional responses and adherence to personal ideals.

Consequences of public self-awareness

Including fear of negative evaluation and a focus on presenting oneself positively.

Chronic exposure to social media

Regular and consistent interaction with social media platforms, often leading to changes in trait self-esteem.

Temporary exposure to social media

Short-term interaction with social media, affecting state self-esteem.

What were the findings of the study by E Rohmann et al, 2012 about GN and VN in relationships?

Vulnerable Narcissism turned out to be the more powerful predictor for love styles.

How did Adorno et al (1950) measure authoritarianism?

The F-scale, asking if they agree with:

if business is more important than art and education

rugged determination for the youth

Chance of disease from “different kinds of people”

Altemeyer’s model of right wing authoritarianism

• Dogmatic

• Accept abuses by power of government

•Prejudiced on race,ethnicity, nationalist and sexist grounds

•Cause and inflame intergroup conflict

•Fearful

• Self-righteous

•Accept insuffienct evidence to support their beliefs

•Conform to the opinion of others

•Believe they have no personal failings

• Punitive attitudes

• Trust authorities too much

How did Duriez find existence of left-wing authoritarianism?

Devloped Altemeyers’s theory by removing conventionalism and reflecting aggressiveness and submission

Glenn Wilson’s model of coservatism

•Religious-puritanism

•Anti-hedonism

•Conservatism

•Militarism-punitiveness

•Ethnocentrism-intolerance

Glenn Wilson’s four theoretical descriptions of conservatism?

•Resistance to Change

•Tendency to play safe

•Internalistion of parental values

•Relfecting the distinction between generations

Sidanius and Pratto (1999) social dominance orientation?

•Aggregated individual discrimination

•Aggregated institutional discrimination

•Behavioural asymmetry

How to test for social dominance orientation?

Sidanius et al (1996) 16 item measure

Findings of Vogel at al (2014)?

Lower state self-esteem and self-evalutions with high comparison information and the opposite in those with lower comparison informations.

Findings of Baumeister, 2003?

The benefits of high self-esteem found were enhanced initiative and pleasant feelings.