Chem Organic

Organic chemistry

-compounds of carbon (hydrocarbons and carbon-carbon bonds)

what doesn’t organic chemistry include

EXCLUDES: oxides, CO2, ionic compounds of carbon based ions such as carbonate, cyanide, and carbide ions, such as H2CO3, HCN, and NaC.

Hydrocarbons

-Organic compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms, --covalent bonds between the carbon atoms.
-Primary sources of hydrocarbons, including coal, oil, and natural gases, used as energy resources.

Alkanes

-A type of hydrocarbon with single bonds between carbon atoms

-homogolous series, different by repeating units. Formula C_nH_2n+2

-5+ carbons = liquid state

-saturated hydrocarbons (max number of hydrogen to each carbon)

Structural Isomers

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
-alkanes are they’re own isomers
-cycloalkanes are isomers of alkenes

-cycloalkanes are isomers of alkynes

Alkyl Branches

Groups of atoms that are not part of the main structure of a molecule, consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Cycloalkanes

-Hydrocarbons that form a closed ring structure, with single carbon-carbon bonds.

-higher boiling points then to respective alkane

-SMALLER compounds more reactive due to strained structure

-number start by branch

Alkenes

-Hydrocarbons with double bonded carbons, which are unsaturated and more reactive than alkanes due to double bond. (remember bonds can go on both 1 and 2), counting goes FROM the lowest number bond then the number location of branch is determined.

-formula:C_nH_2n

Alkynes

Hydrocarbons with triple bonded carbons, which are unsaturated and highly reactive due to triple bond. (remember can have bonds in 1 and 2 )counting goes FROM the lowest number bond then the number location of branch is determined.

-small chain Alkynes have HIGHER boiling points due to better stacking closer together

-formula C_nH_2n-2

Aromatics

Hydrocarbon compounds, like benzene, that have a characteristic aroma and exhibit resonance.

Aliphatic

-alkanes, alkenes, Alkynes, cyclo counterparts

-colourless, odourless

-add benzene = becomes aromatic

Benzene

-hydrocarbon ring with 6 untouched valence electrons shared equally to 6 carbon atoms

-this phenomena known as RESONANCE

Fractionation

-The physical separation of compounds in crude oil based on their boiling point differences.

-lowest boiling = smaller molecules, fewer electrons, weaker LD forces, TOP to BOTTOM (less to more carbons)

Cracking

The chemical process of breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones, through thermal, catalytic, or hydrocracking methods.

hydrocracking

-catalytic + hydrogenation = anes

-larger molecules + hydrogen into smaller molecules

catalytic Reforming

converting ALIPHATIC molecule INTO → aromatic molecule + hydrogen

alkylation

converting ALIPHATIC → more branched molecule/ISOMER (conservation of mass)

Complete Combustion

A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor as the only chemical products.

hydrocarbon + EXCESS O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O (g)

--the LARGER the excess of oxygen avail = smaller amount of CO and soot (carbon) produced

Incomplete Combustion

A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with insufficient oxygen to produce products AS WELL AS carbon dioxide and water vapor, such as carbon monoxide, and carbon. (if water vapour, CO or carbons)

hydrocarbon + INSUFFICIENT O2 → x C(s) + y CO (g) + z CO2 (g) + H2O (g)