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32 Terms

1
<p>Which statements are true?</p><p>The first model is a better model (less error)</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The residuals sums of squares increases from the first to the second model</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The second model is a better model (less error)</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The residuals sums of squares decreases from the first to the second model</p>

Which statements are true?

The first model is a better model (less error)

 

The residuals sums of squares increases from the first to the second model

 

The second model is a better model (less error)

 

The residuals sums of squares decreases from the first to the second model

The first model is a better model (less error)

 

The residuals sums of squares increases from the first to the second model

<p>The first model is a better model (less error)</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The residuals sums of squares increases from the first to the second model</p>
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2
<p>Which statements are true?</p><p>If the weight gain of your patient is 20 pound you reject the null hypothesis only in your first but not second panel</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>You are more likely to commit a type I error in your second panel</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>If the weight gain of your patient is 20 pound you reject the null hypothesis in both your panels</p><p></p><p>You are more likely to commit a type I error in your first panel</p>

Which statements are true?

If the weight gain of your patient is 20 pound you reject the null hypothesis only in your first but not second panel

 

You are more likely to commit a type I error in your second panel

 

If the weight gain of your patient is 20 pound you reject the null hypothesis in both your panels

You are more likely to commit a type I error in your first panel

If the weight gain of your patient is 20 pound you reject the null hypothesis only in your first but not second panel

You are more likely to commit a type I error in your first panel

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3
<p>Which statement is true?</p><p>The relationship changes from a positive to a negative association</p><p></p><p>The relationship changes from a negative to a positive association</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The sample size decreases</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The sample size increases</p>

Which statement is true?

The relationship changes from a positive to a negative association

The relationship changes from a negative to a positive association

 

The sample size decreases

 

The sample size increases

The relationship changes from a positive to a negative association

<p><span>The relationship changes from a positive to a negative association</span></p>
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4
<p>Which Statements are true?</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>if the the weight gain of the patient is 25 pounds you reject the null hypothesis in both cases</p><p></p><p>if the the weight gain of the patient is 30 pounds you will reject the null hypothesis in both cases</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The null hypothesis is the the drug is not affecting the weight</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>if the the weight gain of the patient is 9 pounds you will reject the null hypothesis in both cases</p>

Which Statements are true?

 

if the the weight gain of the patient is 25 pounds you reject the null hypothesis in both cases

if the the weight gain of the patient is 30 pounds you will reject the null hypothesis in both cases

 

The null hypothesis is the the drug is not affecting the weight

 

if the the weight gain of the patient is 9 pounds you will reject the null hypothesis in both cases

if the the weight gain of the patient is 25 pounds you reject the null hypothesis in both cases

if the the weight gain of the patient is 30 pounds you will reject the null hypothesis in both cases

 

The null hypothesis is the the drug is not affecting the weight

<p>if the the weight gain of the patient is 25 pounds you reject the null hypothesis in both cases</p><p></p><p>if the the weight gain of the patient is 30 pounds you will reject the null hypothesis in both cases</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The null hypothesis is the the drug is not affecting the weight</p>
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5
<p>IF you include this datapoint (10.5 and a soil temperature of -1C what statements are true?Including this datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) will results in a weaker association between the two variables</p><p></p><p>This datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) affects the slope of the regression between soil and air temperature</p><p></p><p>This datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) is an influential point</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Including this datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) will results in a negative association between the two variables</p>

IF you include this datapoint (10.5 and a soil temperature of -1C what statements are true?Including this datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) will results in a weaker association between the two variables

This datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) affects the slope of the regression between soil and air temperature

This datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) is an influential point

 

Including this datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) will results in a negative association between the two variables

Including this datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) will results in a weaker association between the two variables

This datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) affects the slope of the regression between soil and air temperature

This datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) is an influential point

<p>Including this datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) will results in a weaker association between the two variables</p><p></p><p>This datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) affects the slope of the regression between soil and air temperature</p><p></p><p>This datapoint (air temp 10.5C and soil temp) is an influential point</p>
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6
<p>Which statements are true?</p><p>The two groups have the same kurtosis</p><p></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The two distributions are approximately normal</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The two groups have different kurtosis</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>if the original dataset had skewed distributions, the data, that were log-transformed to obtain the distributions shown</p>

Which statements are true?

The two groups have the same kurtosis

 

The two distributions are approximately normal

 

The two groups have different kurtosis

 

if the original dataset had skewed distributions, the data, that were log-transformed to obtain the distributions shown

The two distributions are approximately normal

 

The two groups have different kurtosis

 

if the original dataset had skewed distributions, the data, that were log-transformed to obtain the distributions shown

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7
<p>Which statements are true?</p><p>The variance of the Ratings increases</p><p></p><p>The variance of the Ratings decreases</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The mean becomes a better model to describe the data</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The sample size increases</p>

Which statements are true?

The variance of the Ratings increases

The variance of the Ratings decreases

 

The mean becomes a better model to describe the data

 

The sample size increases

The variance of the Ratings increases

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8

What is the 95% CI of a sample (95% CI corresponds to a z-score of 1.96), a mean = 1, and a SE = 1? Only one is correct.

 

0.96 and 2.96

 

-1 and 1

 

-1.96 and 1.96

-0.96 and 2.96

-0.96 and 2.96

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9

Which of the following is/are non-directional experiments? More than one can be correct.

 

Testing if the atmospheric pollution is different between Mexico City and Rome

 

Testing if the atmospheric CO2 concentration in 2020 is lower than the long term mean

 

Testing if the drought affects the yield of two varieties of potatoes differently

 

Testing if the drug A is more effective than drug B in reducing blood pressure

Testing if the atmospheric pollution is different between Mexico City and Rome

Testing if the drought affects the yield of two varieties of potatoes differently

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10
<p><span>Given the formulas below which is/are true?</span></p><p>A is the always positive</p><p></p><p>If two variables are positively correlated B is negative</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>If two variables are negatively correlated B is negative</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>B is the formula for the correlation coefficient</p>

Given the formulas below which is/are true?

A is the always positive

If two variables are positively correlated B is negative

 

If two variables are negatively correlated B is negative

 

B is the formula for the correlation coefficient

A is the always positive

If two variables are negatively correlated B is negative

 

B is the formula for the correlation coefficient

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11
<p><span>Give the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test below and the two distributions shown in graph A and B, which is/are true? The significance level of this test is =0.05. More than one can be true.</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The null hypothesis is that the data are normally distributed</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Given the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test it is likely that (B) is the distribution of the data</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Given the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test you do not need to transform the data</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Given the result of the test you should reject the null hypothesis</p>

Give the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test below and the two distributions shown in graph A and B, which is/are true? The significance level of this test is =0.05. More than one can be true.

 

The null hypothesis is that the data are normally distributed

 

Given the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test it is likely that (B) is the distribution of the data

 

Given the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test you do not need to transform the data

 

Given the result of the test you should reject the null hypothesis

The null hypothesis is that the data are normally distributed

Given the result of the Shapiro-Wilk test you do not need to transform the data

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12
<p><span>Given the graph below, which is/are true? More than one can be correct.</span></p><p>A positive correlation is always associated with a positive covariance</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>A negative correlation is always associated with a negative covariance</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>(A) shows a negative correlation and a negative covariance</p><p></p><p>(B) shows a positive correlation and a positive covariance</p>

Given the graph below, which is/are true? More than one can be correct.

A positive correlation is always associated with a positive covariance

 

A negative correlation is always associated with a negative covariance

 

(A) shows a negative correlation and a negative covariance

(B) shows a positive correlation and a positive covariance

A positive correlation is always associated with a positive covariance

 

A negative correlation is always associated with a negative covariance

 

(A) shows a negative correlation and a negative covariance

(B) shows a positive correlation and a positive covariance

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13
<p><span>Given the output of the correlation between water flow (Speed) and NO3 concentration below, which is/are true (more than one can be true)?</span></p><p>The water flow (Speed) is significantly correlated with water NO3 concentration</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The null hypothesis is that there is no correlation between water flow (Speed) and water NO3 concentration</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>There is a no significant correlation between water flow (Speed) and water NO3 concentration</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The water flow (Speed) explains about 0.05% of the variability in the water NO3 concentration</p>

Given the output of the correlation between water flow (Speed) and NO3 concentration below, which is/are true (more than one can be true)?

The water flow (Speed) is significantly correlated with water NO3 concentration

 

The null hypothesis is that there is no correlation between water flow (Speed) and water NO3 concentration

 

There is a no significant correlation between water flow (Speed) and water NO3 concentration

 

The water flow (Speed) explains about 0.05% of the variability in the water NO3 concentration

The null hypothesis is that there is no correlation between water flow (Speed) and water NO3 concentration

 

There is a no significant correlation between water flow (Speed) and water NO3 concentration

 

The water flow (Speed) explains about 0.05% of the variability in the water NO3 concentration

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14

A study is trying to assess the probability of graduating by a certain age. A z-score of 2.7 corresponds to completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry at 30 year old. Given the z-score table below, which is/are correct? More than one can be correct.

 

There is a 0.347% probability of completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry at 30 year old or older (students completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry when 30 year old or older)

 

There is a 0.347% probability of completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry by 30 year old (students completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry when 30 year old or younger)

 

There is a 99.653% probability of completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry by 30 year old (students completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry when 30 year old or younger)

 

There is a 0.99653% probability of completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry by 30 year old (students completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry when 30 year old or younger)

There is a 0.347% probability of completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry at 30 year old or older (students completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry when 30 year old or older)

There is a 99.653% probability of completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry by 30 year old (students completing an undergraduate degree in chemistry when 30 year old or younger)

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15

Which of the following is/are directional experiment/s? More than one can be correct.

 

Testing if the sales of tennis shoes is different in summer and winter

 

Testing if the annual mean air temperature is higher in El Centro than in La Jolla

 

Testing if the drug A is more effective than drug B in reducing blood pressure

 

Testing if the unemployment rate in 2020 was higher than the long-term mean

Testing if the annual mean air temperature is higher in El Centro than in La Jolla

 

Testing if the drug A is more effective than drug B in reducing blood pressure

 

Testing if the unemployment rate in 2020 was higher than the long-term mean

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16

If a patient has a viral infection but tests negative, which is true? Only one.

 

The result of the test is correct

 

The positive result is a type I error

 

The false positive is a type II error

 

The false negative is a type II error

The false negative is a type II error

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17
<p>Given the graphs (A,B,C) below, which is/are true? More than one can be correct.</p><p></p><p>Salt intake is positively correlated with longevity in graph A</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Salt intake is strongly correlated with longevity in graph B</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Longevity is the independent variable</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Longevity is the dependent variable</p>

Given the graphs (A,B,C) below, which is/are true? More than one can be correct.

Salt intake is positively correlated with longevity in graph A

 

Salt intake is strongly correlated with longevity in graph B

 

Longevity is the independent variable

 

Longevity is the dependent variable

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18
<p><span>Given the graph below which is/are true? More than one can be correct.</span></p><p></p><p>The residual (error) variability is lower in model A than in model B</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The error of model B is larger</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>There is likely no correlation between the dependent and independent variable</p><p></p><p>The model A corresponds to the mean</p>

Given the graph below which is/are true? More than one can be correct.

The residual (error) variability is lower in model A than in model B

 

The error of model B is larger

 

There is likely no correlation between the dependent and independent variable

The model A corresponds to the mean

The model A corresponds to the mean

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19

We want to measure the effect of drinking water on blood sugar. The main science question is: Is drinking water associated with a decrease in blood sugar? Which is/are true? More than one can be true.

 

This can be tested only with an observational experiment because of ethical reasons

 

This can be tested using either a manipulative or observational experiment

 

Either an observational or manipulative experiment are possible but a manipulative experiment will help establish cause effect relationships

 

This can be tested only with a manipulative experiment because of ethical reasons

This can be tested using either a manipulative or observational experiment

 

Either an observational or manipulative experiment are possible but a manipulative experiment will help establish cause effect relationships

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20

An experiment is testing if a certain drug is effective in reducing weight, which is/are correct? More than one can be correct.

 

The null hypothesis is that the drug is not effective in reducing weight

 

The alternative is that the drug is effective in reducing weight

 

The null hypothesis is that the drug is effective in reducing weight

 

The alternative hypothesis is that the drug is not effective in reducing weight

The null hypothesis is that the drug is not effective in reducing weight

 

The alternative is that the drug is effective in reducing weight

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21
<p>Given the graph below which is/are true? More than one can be correct.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>There are two categories</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The graph shows the relationship between the survival time from malignant melanoma and age in males and females</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The survival time increases with age in both females and males</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The survival time increases with age only in males</p>

Given the graph below which is/are true? More than one can be correct.

 

There are two categories

 

The graph shows the relationship between the survival time from malignant melanoma and age in males and females

 

The survival time increases with age in both females and males

 

The survival time increases with age only in males

There are two categories

 

The graph shows the relationship between the survival time from malignant melanoma and age in males and females

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22
<p>Given the graph below, which is/are true? More than one can be correct.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>(1) is a skewed distribution</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>(A) is the mean of group 1</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>(A) is the median of group 1</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The distributions of group 1 is normal</p>

Given the graph below, which is/are true? More than one can be correct.

 

(1) is a skewed distribution

 

(A) is the mean of group 1

 

(A) is the median of group 1

 

The distributions of group 1 is normal

(1) is a skewed distribution

(A) is the median of group 1

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23
<p><span>Given the output of the Shapiro-Wilk test below which is testing if a sample of snow melt dates across 11 sites in Alaska is normally distributed, and given a significance level of 0.05, which is/are correct (more than one can be correct)?</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>There is compelling evidence to reject the null hypothesis</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The data are likely normally distributed</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The data are not normally distributed</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>You do not need to transform the data before doing any parametric statistics</p>

Given the output of the Shapiro-Wilk test below which is testing if a sample of snow melt dates across 11 sites in Alaska is normally distributed, and given a significance level of 0.05, which is/are correct (more than one can be correct)?

 

There is compelling evidence to reject the null hypothesis

 

The data are likely normally distributed

 

The data are not normally distributed

 

You do not need to transform the data before doing any parametric statistics

There is compelling evidence to reject the null hypothesis

The data are not normally distributed

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24

What of the following should not occur when performing a random sampling? More than one can be correct.

 

Each individual should be sampled as many times as possible

 

Inclusion of one individual in the sample should not be influenced by the selection of other members

 

Each individual is sampled only once

 

Every individual in the population should have an equal chance of being included in the sample

Each individual should be sampled as many times as possible

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25
<p>Given the graph below, which is/are true? More than one can be correct.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Group 1 and 3 are likely from different populations</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Group 1, 2, and 3 have the same median sepal length</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>In group 3 the mean= median</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>25% of sepal lengths of group 1 are between 50.5 cm and 55.5 cm</p>

Given the graph below, which is/are true? More than one can be correct.

 

Group 1 and 3 are likely from different populations

 

Group 1, 2, and 3 have the same median sepal length

 

In group 3 the mean= median

 

25% of sepal lengths of group 1 are between 50.5 cm and 55.5 cm

25% of sepal lengths of group 1 are between 50.5 cm and 55.5 cm

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26

A biologist is interested in understanding the influence of rainfall on plant growth. She hypothesizes that increase in rainfall will increase plant growth. If the correlation coefficient between rainfall and plant growth is 0.7, what percent of the variation in plant growth is explained (accounted for) by temperature (only one)?

Group of answer choices

49%

70%

4.9%

0.7

49%

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27
<p>Given the output of the regression between algae percent cover and BOD (biological oxygen demand) which is/are true? More than one can be correct</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The regression line of the model is: y=111.25 - 0.36x</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>BOD is significantly and negatively associated with Algae percent cover</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The regression line of the model is: y=111.25 + 0.36x</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The regression line of the model is: y= -0.36 + 111.25x</p>

Given the output of the regression between algae percent cover and BOD (biological oxygen demand) which is/are true? More than one can be correct

 

The regression line of the model is: y=111.25 - 0.36x

 

BOD is significantly and negatively associated with Algae percent cover

 

The regression line of the model is: y=111.25 + 0.36x

 

The regression line of the model is: y= -0.36 + 111.25x

The regression line of the model is: y=111.25 - 0.36x

 

BOD is significantly and negatively associated with Algae percent cover

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28

You have to design a poll to evaluate what people in San Diego think of a tighter gun control legislation. The main science question is: Should the US government perform a background check on people purchasing guns? Given that different areas in San Diego might be associated with very different attitudes about gun control, what should you do when you design this poll?

You should rely on voluntary response sampling

You should perform a random sampling and interview people only in the neighborhood further from you to reduce the bias

 

You should consider possible bias and confounding variables when creating your sampling protocol

 

You should perform a stratified sampling and interview people in each of the main San Diego neighborhoods

You should consider possible bias and confounding variables when creating your sampling protocol

 

You should perform a stratified sampling and interview people in each of the main San Diego neighborhoods

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29
<p><span>Given the graph below, which is/are correct? More than one can be correct.</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The minimum weekly earning of group A is lower than the minimum weekly earning of group B.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>A total of 25% of group B has weekly earnings between $1700 and about $1850</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>A total of 50% of group A has weekly earnings below about $1100</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The median weekly earnings of group A is higher than the median weekly earnings of group B</p>

Given the graph below, which is/are correct? More than one can be correct.

 

The minimum weekly earning of group A is lower than the minimum weekly earning of group B.

 

A total of 25% of group B has weekly earnings between $1700 and about $1850

 

A total of 50% of group A has weekly earnings below about $1100

 

The median weekly earnings of group A is higher than the median weekly earnings of group B

The minimum weekly earning of group A is lower than the minimum weekly earning of group B.

 

A total of 25% of group B has weekly earnings between $1700 and about $1850

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30
<p><span>Given the two outputs of a correlation and a regression between the indicated variables which is/are true? More than one can be correct.</span></p><p></p><p>Based on just the regression output we would not be able to determine if BOD is positively or negative associated with Algae percent cover.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The outputs of both analyses show that BOD is significantly associated with Algae percent cover.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Both the correlation and regression output allow us to determine if BOD is positively or negative associated with Algae percent cover.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Based on the outputs of both analyses BOD is positively associated with Algae percent cover.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The null hypotheses for both tests is that BOD is not significantly associated with Algae percent cover</p>

Given the two outputs of a correlation and a regression between the indicated variables which is/are true? More than one can be correct.

Based on just the regression output we would not be able to determine if BOD is positively or negative associated with Algae percent cover.

 

The outputs of both analyses show that BOD is significantly associated with Algae percent cover.

 

Both the correlation and regression output allow us to determine if BOD is positively or negative associated with Algae percent cover.

 

Based on the outputs of both analyses BOD is positively associated with Algae percent cover.

 

The null hypotheses for both tests is that BOD is not significantly associated with Algae percent cover

The outputs of both analyses show that BOD is significantly associated with Algae percent cover.

 

Both the correlation and regression output allow us to determine if BOD is positively or negative associated with Algae percent cover.

The null hypotheses for both tests is that BOD is not significantly associated with Algae percent cover

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31

A study is trying the identify the impact of physical activity on weight gain. Different people included in the study can have different diets. Which is/are true? Select all the correct answers, more than one can be correct.

 

An observational experiment is less prone to confounding variables

 

A manipulative experiment will help to identify cause-and-effect relationships

 

If you can, you should perform a manipulative experiment to avoid the confounding effect of diet

 

You can only perform an observational experiment to identify cause-and-effect relationships

A manipulative experiment will help to identify cause-and-effect relationships

 

If you can, you should perform a manipulative experiment to avoid the confounding effect of diet

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32

Given the two distributions below (a,b), which is/are true? More than one can be true.

 

Distribution (a) and (b) are not normal

 

(3) is the mean for both distributions

 

(2) is the median for both distributions

 

(1) is not the mode for the two distributions

Distribution (a) and (b) are not normal

 

(3) is the mean for both distributions

 

(2) is the median for both distributions

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