Scioly Rocks and Minerals

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

What are the three classifications of rocks?

from solidified magma (rock that has been melted inside the earth)

What are igneous rocks created from?

Sedimentary rocks can be formed from the lithification of these buried smaller fragments (clastic sedimentary rock), the accumulation and lithification of material generated by living organisms (biogenic sedimentary rock - fossils), or lithification of chemically precipitated material from a mineral bearing solution due to evaporation (precipitate sedimentary rock)

HOW are sedimentary rocks created?

metamorphic rock are formed when other types of rocks are subjected to heat and pressure

How are Metamorphic rocks created?

intrusive and extrusive

What are the 2 main classifications of igneous rocks?

intrusive rocks

harden slowly beneath the surface of the earth, and often form large mineral crystals within the rock ex. Granite

Porphyritic intrusive rocks

have large crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals. ex. Pegmatite

extrusive rocks

harden quickly during a volcanic eruption and are usually smooth-grained ex. Basalt

Andesite

Igneous

Extrusive

Basalt

Igneous

Extrusive

Diorite

Igneous

Intrusive

Gabbro

Igneous

Intrusive

Granite

Igneous

Intrusive

Obisidian

Igneous

Extrusive

Pegmatite

igneous

Porphyritic intrusive

Pumice

Igneous

Extrusive

Rhyolite

Igneous

Extrusive

Scoria

Igneous

Extrusive

Clastic or Organic

What are the two types of sedimentary rocks?

Clastic rocks

a sedimentary rock, like sandstone, form from other rocks and minerals

Organic Rocks

a sedimentary rock, like limestone and coal, form from the bodies or shells of organisms

Anthracite Coal

Sedimentary

organic

Arkose

Sedimentary

Clastic

Bituminous Coal

Sedimentary

Organic

Breccia

Sedimentary

Clastic

Conglomerate

Sedimentary

Clastic

Coquina

Sedimentary

Organic

Diatomite

Sedimentary

Organic

Dolomite/Dolostone

Sedimentary

Clastic

Lignite Coal

Sedimentary

Organic

Limestone

Sedimentary

Clastic

Sandstone

Sedimentary

Clastic

Shale

Sedimentary

Clastic

Gneiss

Metamorphic

Parent description: Can be formed from almost any other rock

Metamorphism: High grade metamorphism

Grain: Medium to coarse grained.

Marble

Metamorphic

Parent description: Calcite or limestone

Metamorphism: The metamorphism of limestone or dolomite

Grain: Fine to medium grained

Phyllite

Metamorphic

Parent description: Slate

Metamorphism: N/A

Grain: Very fine grains, wavy bands

Schist

Metamorphic

Parent description: Almost any rock

Metamorphism: N/A

Grain: Garnet Schist- Contains fairly large garnet inclusions. Mica Schist- Very shiny because of diorite inclusions.

Quartzite

Metamorphic

Parent description: Pure sedimentary rocks

Metamorphism: The metamorphism of sandstone

Grain: Fairly small particles

Slate

Metamorphic

Parent description: Shale

Metamorphism: Low grade metamorphism

Grain: Very small particles

chemical and crystal

By definition minerals must have what kind of structures?

group, formula, color, streak, luster, crystal structure, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and specific gravity

What are the ten characteristics of minerals?

Their chemical make-up

What are mineral groups based on?

Native elements

MInerals composed of a single element, pure element

Sulfides

minerals composed of sulfur, arsenic, tellurium, or selenium

Oxides and Hyroxides

MInerals containing oxygen compounds

Halides

minerals containing sodium, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, or bromine

Carbonates and Borates

MInerals containing the carbonate or borate groups

Sulfates

minerals containing the sulfate group

Silicates and Tectosilicates

minerals containing the element silicon

streak

is the color when a rock is rubbed across an unglazed piece of porcelain

luster

the way a mineral reflects light

crystal structure

the basic shape of a mineral as it grows.

isometric

Three axes of symmetry, all at right angles to one another, and all of equal lengths. Sometimes called cubic.

tetragonal

Three axes of symmetry, all at right angles to one another, two of the same length and one shorter

Hexagonal (Trigonal) *sometimes considered separate things

Four axes of symmetry; three are of equal length and lie in the same plane at 120 degrees, the other can be any length and lies at right angles to the others.

Orthorhombic

Three axes, all at right angles to one another, of three different lengths.

monoclinic

Three unequal axes, two at right angles, and the other inclined.

triclinic

Three unequal axes, none of which are at right angles to any others.

Cleavage

When a mineral has the tendency to break along smooth, flat surfaces, it has

Perfect Cleavage

If the break is perfectly smooth and shiny, it is said to have what kind of cleavage?

Good, distinct, or poor

What are the three ways to describe cleavage?

fracture

the way a mineral breaks

uneven, hackly (sharp, jagged surface like broken metal), splintery, or conchoidal (shell-like).

What are the four ways a fracture is described?

To test two minerals against each other, try to scratch each mineral with the other in an inconspicuous place. If they both scratch each other, they have the same hardness. If only one causes a scratch, it is the hardest. Or, you can use common objects to see if the scratch or can be scratched by a mineral.

How is Moh scale determined?

the mass of one gram of the mineral to the mass of one gram of water.

what does specific gravity compare?

Specific Gravity

how dense a mineral is

"light" (usually less than 3.5) or "heavy" (greater than 4)

What is the scale of specific gravity?

Albite

Almandine

Amazonite

Apatite

Aragonite

Augite

Azurite

Bauxite

Barite

Beryl

Biotite

Bornite

Calcite

Celestite

Chalcopyrite

copper

Corundum

Diamond

Dolomite

Epidote

Feldspar

Flourite

Galena

Goethite

Gypsum

Halite

Hematite

Hornblende

Kaolinite

Lepidolite

Magnetite

Malachite

Muscovite