Living Environment (Honors Biology) - Asexual Reproduction and DNA

inheritance

the process in which genetic traits are passed down to offspring

clone

an exact copy

karyotype

an organized profile of a person’s chromosomes, used to identify genetic disorders

46

amount of chromosomes in a normal body cell

XX chromosome

female

XY chromosome

male

homologous chromosomes

chromosomes of the same type, contain same genes for certain traits. two make up one pair

diploid number

2n (when n is the number of pairs of chromosomes in the species)

somatic cell

a normal body cell

zygote

the cell formed when a sperm fertilizes the egg

mitosis

the process in which cells create copies of themselves by exactly copying the DNA. resulting cells are identical to parent cell

meiosis

the process in which cells copy themselves into daughter cells with only half the chromosomes the parent cell had

gamete

cells that result from meiosis - have half the chromosomes

haploid number

n (when n is the number of pairs of chromosomes in the species)

chromosome

many strands of DNA, determine what you look like and how you develop

adenine

a purine, abbreviated A

guanine

a purine, abbreviated G

thymine

a pyrimidine, abbreviated T

cytosine

a pyrimidine, abbreviated C

Chargaff’s rules

A can only bond to T, G can only bond to C, and vice versa

purines

adenine and guanine

pyrimidines

thymine and cytosine

double helix

used to describe the shape of DNA

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, clones itself and carries information which is translated into proteins

mitosis in unicellular organisms

used for asexual reproduction

mitosis in multicellular organisms

used for asexual reproduction in some. growth and repair in all

meiosis in humans

occurs only in germ cells (located in sex organs)

DNA replication

replicates DNA so new cells could be made

cytokinesis

separates the parent cell to make two daughter cells

autosomes

pairs of chromosomes that are the same/similar

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide structure

sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

nucleus

cell organelle that holds DNA, replication occurs here

chromatin

the state of DNA in which it is “relaxed”, “spaghetti state” during interphase

chromatid

one of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome

sister chromatids

two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome

centromere

the “knot” between two sister chromatids

helicase

“unzips” the DNA structure into two halves, breaks hydrogen bonds

DNA polymerase

bonds free nucleotides with the DNA to form a new strand

cell cycle

the events that a cell undergoes from creation to division

G1

Gap 1 - cell grows

S

Synthesis - DNA replication

G2

Gap 2 - final growth, prepares for division

M

mitosis - when the nucleus divides separating the identical chromosomes made during S-phase