EDF 6225 Final Exam

-goals

-focus

-methodology

Applied Behavior Analysis is set apart from other disciplines devoted to the understanding and improvement of human behavior with respect to its:

False

The term “applied” in ABA means that technology is applied to a research question.

True or False?

False

S-R psychology is a paradigm for modern behaviorism.

True or False?

B. ABA seeks to produce statistically significant results

Which of the following is not a component specified in the definition of ABA?

A. The focus is socially-significant behavior

B. ABA seeks to produce statistically significant results

C. Procedures are derived from principles of behavior

D. ABA demonstrates a functional relation

-Prediction

-Description

-Control

Different types of scientific investigations yield 1 or more of three levels of understanding phenomena under study which are:

C. Experimentation, philosophic doubt, parsimony

Scientific “attitudes” as described by Skinner include:

A. Prediction, expert opinion, control

B. Description, experimentation, Analysis

C. Experimentation, philosophic doubt, parsimony

Respondent Behavior

Behavior elicited by antecedent stimuli is referred to as:

An eliciting stimulus and the behavior it produces

A reflex includes:

E. all of the above

Operants must be defined in terms of:

A. their relationship to controlling variables

B. A set of contingencies

C. Their consequences

D. A and B

E. All of the above

Operant behavior

Behavior whose probability of occurrence is determined by its history of consequences is:

D. The rate of the given behavior will immediately increase

Which of the following Is NOT part of the definition of behavioral consequence:

A. It is an environmental change

B. It follows a given behavior

C. It alters the probability of future occurrences of the given behavior

D. The rate of the given behavior will immediately increase

Negative Reinforcement

When certain stimuli increase the future probability of a behavior when they are terminated immediately following a response, what has occurred is termed:

Negative Reinforcement

The future probability of Ken completing homework increased when his parents required Ken to remain at his desk until his homework was completed. This is an example of:

B. Perception of the stimulus

Which of the following Is NOT a component of the three-term contingency?

A. Antecedent stimulus

B. Perception of the stimulus

C. Behavior

D. Consequence

Different histories of reinforcement

Differences is the way we respond to situations are primarily the result of:

Elicited by antecedent events

Respondent behavior is:

True

Although other fields aim to understand and improve human behavior, ABA distinguishes itself by its focus, goals, and methodology.

True or False?

True

The three levels of scientific understanding are describe, predict, control.

True or False?

Applied

Which characteristic of ABA refers to the commitment to affecting improvements in behaviors that enhance and improve people’s lives?

Technological

Which characteristic of ABA refers to clarity in its methodology?

Generality

Which characteristic of ABA refers to change that either lasts over time or appears in novel environments?

Conceptually Systematic

An intervention that is __________ will define the behavior change as it was derived from basic principles of ABA, not “a bag of tricks”

-independent variable

-dependent variable

-functional relation

Results of experiments that show that specific manipulation of one event or the __________ produces a reliable change in another event, or the __________ and that change was unlikely due to confounding variables is an example of a(n) __________.

Dependent variable

In a functional relation, the __________ is the behavior that was changed.

Independent variable

In a functional relation, the _________ is the intervention.

True

Determinism is the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur as a result of other events.

True or false?

False

Free will is compatible with determinism.

True or false?

True

The independent variable is the intervention in a functional relation.

True or false?

False

The dependent variable is the intervention in a functional relation.

True or false?

-methodological behaviorism

-radical behaviorism

__________ is a philosophical position that considers behavior events that cannot be publicly observed to be outside the realm of science; __________ attempts to explain all behavior, including private events such as thinking and feeling.

False

Radical behaviorism is a philosophical position that considers behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed to be outside the realm of science.

True or false?

True

Food and water are unconditioned reinforcers.

True or false?

False

Your sister can be an unconditioned punisher.

True or false?

False

Reading a book is a response.

True or false?

True

The words to the National Anthem are a response class.

True or false?

Response topography

__________ refers to the physical shape or form of a behavior.

stimulus

_________ is an “energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells” (Michael, 2004, p.7).

Response class

__________ are all the topographical forms of the performance that have a similar function.

Consequences

__________ are stimulus changes after the behavior.

True

A stimulus class has a common effect on behavior, but can vary based on their topographical properties.

True or false

Establishing operation; discriminative stimulus; response; reinforcing stimulus

The temporal order of the 4-term contingency of positive reinforcement consists of:

Produce an increase in future behavior

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both

Automatic reinforcement

Involves the reinforcement occurring independent of another person delivering it

Conditioned

___________ reinforcers are established based on a history of pairing with established reinforcers

Unconditioned reinforcers

Stimuli that do not require a learning history to acquire reinforcing qualities are known as

Reinforcer assessments

_________ can be used to experimentally verify whether stimuli identified as highly preferred do indeed function as reinforcers

The premack principle

Arranging high frequency activities to follow low frequency activities is an application of

True

In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows, reinforcement changes the function of antecedent stimuli

True or false?

Discriminative stimulus

An antecedent stimulus that evokes behavior because it has been correlated with the availability of reinforcement is called a(n)__________

False

Humans must be able to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence in order to be effective, due to their language ability. Other organisms do not need to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence.

True or false?

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A ___________ is a conditioned reinforcer that does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness

Escape; avoidance

Removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior that is called __________ whereas postponement and or prevention of stimulus presentation produce behavior that is called ___________

D. All

To avoid shaping more dangerous escape maintained behaviors in educational settings, the person intervening should:

A. Ensure teaching technique is varied and not aversive

B. Ensure demand not too difficult

C. Ensure demand not too easy

D. All

True

According to Osborne’s 1969 study, Iwata indicated that free time could either be defined as the availability of preferred activities or the termination of non preferred activities

True or false

False

When a student exhibits an undesirable, but not dangerous behavior when presented with a demand, it is recommended that you ignore the minor behavior and prevent escape in order to extinguish the behavior

True or false

True

Positive reinforcement for compliance alone does not suppress avoidance-motivated self injury

True or false

In an escape contingency the EO is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior, while an avoidance contingency, the EO is not present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior

The key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency is:

True

According to Sidman, ineffective teaching produces and exacerbates problem behavior

True or false

Concurrent

Two or more contingencies of reinforcement that operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors constitute what schedule of reinforcement?

Multiple

What schedule presents two more basic schedules of reinforcement associated with distinct discriminative stimuli for a single behavior class in an alternating usually random sequence?

Chained

What schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement associated with distinct discriminative stimuli in a predictable sequence?

Chained

In what schedule is the conditioned reinforcer for one response the discriminative stimuli for the next response ?

Mixed

What non discriminative schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement for a single behavior class in an alternating random sequence?

Alternative

Both an FI 5 and an FR 25 are in effect. The individual produces her 14th target response after 5 minutes and receives reinforcement. What schedule of reinforcement is she in?

Conjunctive

Both an FI 5 and an FR 24 are simultaneously in effect. The individual produces his 14th target response after 5 minutes but does not receive reinforcement until he produces 25 target responses. What schedule of reinforcement is he in?

Variable interval

Logging into Facebook to check how many people like your new posted photo of a night on the town is an example of what schedule?

Density and quality of reinforcement available in the time in environment

The effectiveness of time-out is largely determined by

Positive; reinforcement

Herrnstein found a near perfect _________ correlation between one unit increase in __________ with one unit increase in behavior

Rate of reinforcement, quality of reinforcement, reinforcement delay, response effort

What are the 4 reinforcer dimensions described by Neef et al?

Response class

_________ are all the topographic forms of the performance that have a similar function

True

A stimulus class has a common effect on behavior but can vary based on their topographical properties.

True or false

Unconditioned reinforcer

A stimulus change that can increase future occurrences of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement. For example, stimuli such as food, water, and sexual stimulation that support the biological maintenance of the organism and survival of the species often function as unconditioned reinforcers.

Conditioned reinforcer

A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers. (Sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer.)

Unconditioned punisher

(primary punisher or unlearned punisher)- is a stimulus whose presentation functions as punishment without having been paired with any other punishers. It is a stimulus change that can decrease the future occurrence of any behavior that precedes it without prior pairing with any other form of punishment. Painful stimulation such as that caused by physical trauma to the body, certain odors and tastes, physical restraint, loss of bodily support, and extreme muscular effort are examples of stimulus changes that typically function as unconditioned punishers for humans.

Conditioned punisher

(also called secondary punisher or learned punisher) is a stimulus change whose presentation functions as punishment as a result of a person's conditioning history. A conditioned punisher acquires the capability to function as a punisher through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned, or previously conditioned, punishers. For example, as a result of its onset at or very near the same time as an electric shock, a previously neutral stimulus change, such as an audible tone, will become a conditioned punisher capable of suppressing behavior that immediately precedes the tone when it occurs later without the shock .

Punishment

a basic behavior principle describing a response-consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future occurrence.

Reinforcement

behavior principle describing a response-consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that increases future occurrences.

Positive punishment

A response is followed by the presentation of a stimulus that results in similar responses occurring less often

Negative punishment

A response is followed by the withdrawal of a stimulus that results in similar responses occurring less often.

Positive reinforcement

A response is followed by the presentation of a stimulus that results in similar responses occurring more often.

Negative reinforcement

A response is followed by the withdrawal of a stimulus that results in similar responses occurring more often

Hernsteins matching law

the allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.

Escape

a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus

Avoidance

a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness

Generalized conditioned punishment

generalized conditioned punisher will function as punishment under a wide range of motivating operations because of its previous pairing with numerous unconditioned and conditioned punishers

Discriminative stimulus

signals reinforcement is available. a stimulus in the presence of which given behavior has been reinforced and in the absence of which that behavior has not been reinforced and in the absence of which that behavior has not been reinforced.

Stimulus Delta

a stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement, or has produced reinforcement of lesser quality in the past.

Premack principle

A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. Sometimes called "Grandma's Law."

Automatic reinforcement

a behavior produces its own reinforcement. Ex: scratching a bite relieves the itch.

Respondent behavior

the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited , or induced by antecedent stimuli.

Operant behavior

any behavior determined primarily by its history of consequences. Operant behavior is elicited, shaped, and maintained by the consequences that have followed it in the past.

Radical behaviorism

a form of behavior that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person and the species.

Methodological behaviorism

a philosophical position that views behavioral events that that cannot be publicly observed as outside realm of science.

Independent variable

can be reliably produced by a specific manipulation of another event (what we want to actually influence our dependent variable)

Dependent variable

specific change in one event(behavior being studied). the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variables)

Characteristics of ABA

applied, behavioral, analytic, conceptual, technological, effective, and generalizable.

description, prediction, and control

Levels of understanding

Applied Behavior Analysis focuses on behavior (not theoretical constructs). It uses laws of behavior that have been experimentally demonstrated, and it uses clearly defined procedures to specify how to change behavior.

How is ABA different from other disciplines?

Momentary time sampling

a measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors is recorded at precisely specified time intervals.