Urban World Exam 3 Study Guide TCU Walker

How have European cities grown over time?

1950s more growth than today for most cities

Excluding Spain cities and others

Were huge in 1950s but as time goes by, gets surpassed by non-European cities

Historically, how have European cities ranked among the world's largest cities? How has that changed, and how is it projected to change?

• Historically, European cities like London and Paris were among the world’s largest, especially during colonial and industrial eras.

• They ranked highly due to economic power, global influence, and urban migration.

• Today, they have been surpassed by rapidly growing cities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

What were cities like in the following periods? How did these periods influence the structure of the modern city?

o Ancient Greece

o Ancient Rome

o Medieval Europe

o Industrial Revolution-era Europe

o Cities in Ancient Greece

4th century BC or so was the height of Ancient Greece

Polis: a city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes

150,000 - 300,000 people in Athens

Some believe that modern urban planning originated in Ancient Greece

• Placing streets at right angles

Agora:

Aqueducts:

o Ancient Rome

Up to one million people were estimated

Roman urban planners

o The medieval European city

Much of the urban culture of Rome was lost as society gave way to a feudal system - deeply rooted aristocracy

Castle and settlements around castle and wall around cities

o Cities and the Industrial Revolution

Transformation of what we can build and how we can build

Steel for building upwards

Manufacturing

What is the Demographic Transition?

·       The demographic transition chart displays the changes in demographics in England and Wales from 1541 to 2015. The chart demonstrates the birth and death rates per 1000 of the population. There are 4 stages in this model, each showing an explanation as to why the crude death and birth rate decrease as time passes.

What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Model?

• Stage 1 - 1541 to mid 1700s. High birth and death rates. Women have more kids bc the others keep dying, kids help with labor. Death rates, diseases were very common, lots of hard labor, fights, environment could have been dangerous too. Both rates fairly equal.  

• Stage 2 - mid 1700s to late 1800s. Death rates begin to decrease in areas that are beginning to industrialize. Machines are doing most of the hard labor that were putting people at risk. Birth rates go up because mothers are now surviving child birth and more children are living past the age of 5.

- Stage 3 - late 1800s to 2000. Birth rates begin to decrease as birth control and other forms of contraceptives are being normalized. Death rates continue to decrease.

• Stage 4 - 2000 to 2015. Low death and birth rates, people are not having as many children to offset the amount of people who are dying.

How did the Demographic Transition play out in Europe?

Most european countries are in stage 4. Many countries are experiencing a population decline.

What is the relationship between cities and the Demographic Transition Model?

Cities often go through the transition earlier than rural areas because they tend to have better healthcare, and other services which tend to lead to lower birth and death rates. People are not having huge families in urban spaces to that’s less kids/births. Cities also attract migrants which could sustain population growth even in the later stages of the model.

What is Paris, and why is it significant?

o Urban core or Paris - Paris that tourists see

2 million people

o 10 million people total

Other 8 million are outside of urban core

What historical events shaped Paris?

• Under Rome, seat of kingdom of French

• Economic and cultural capital

• Freedom of WW2, puppet gov in Vichy France

What is Parisian urban form like? What historical figures are associated with Parisian urban form? What purpose has its urban form served?

• Overcrowded cities, industrial revolution city

• Napoleon the 3rd, vision of reshaping Paris

• Boulevard and avenue style, wide streets with parisian architectures, foot traffic

What is a banlieue in France?

french suburb

Who tends to live in Parisian banlieues?

immigrants or low income families

What are living conditions like in Paris's banlieues? What is the architecture like?

What is Berlin, and why is it significant?

• 3-4 million in the city, 6 million in the metro

• East and West Germany. East and West Berlin

  • East (communist), west (capitalist)

What was Berlin's significance during the Cold War? What was the city like during this period?

Be prepared to describe and discuss the following ideological traditions and political-economic frameworks:

o Capitalism and liberalism

o Socialism and communism

o Nationalism and fascism

• Liberalism and capitalism

  • Liberalism: (Philosophy) freedom, limits role of gov't in businesses, less taxes, no tariffs, free trade, free enterprise, private sector being promoted

  • Capitalism: how liberalism is put into place

• Socialism and communism

  • Socialism: Promote communal success, individuals from community will succeed, more gov't control in economy, higher taxes, overall collective success

  • Communism: authoritative socialism (China, Vietnam, Cuba, USSR), don't elect leader, gov't has a lot of control in economy

• Nationalism and fascism

  • Nationalism: promote people who belong (ingroup) at the expense of those who do not belong (outgroup)

  • Fascism: nondemocratic structure, very authoritative

What does a "capitalist city" look like?

• Private interest has prominent stake in how cities are built

• Private interest has more control

What does a "socialist city" look like?

east German city, communist utopia, lined soviet apartment blocs

• In Berlin the bloc housing has gone into disrepair

How does political economy figure in urban planning and urban development?

How has political economy influenced Berlin's geography? What are some examples?

What is La Défense, and why is it significant?

(CBD), but not in center of the city

• Paris' CBD

• Skyscraper

• Paris has restrictions of this kind of development in the core city

• Allows Paris to accommodate modern development and main city historical

What is the Tour Montparnasse, and why is it significant?

Big lone skyscraper in Paris

- modern development in historic city

Why has Berlin emerged as a major tech hub in Europe?

- Trying to lure business from London to Berlin

- Overtook London for tech startups for investment and startups

What is the "cradle of civilization?" Why is it significant in the context of human urbanization?

• Mesopotamia

• Religious conservatism

• Iraq, Syria

• Fertile crescent

• Agriculture was essentially invented here

Where is it believed that the world first urbanized?

Uruk and Babylon

What is Uruk, and why is it significant?

• Believed to be the first city created

early urbanization area - Sumer

What is Babylon, and why is it significant?

early urbanization

o Most powerful city in Mesopotamia

o Modern legal code

• Modern aspects of culture and aesthetics

What cultural innovations emerged from early urbanization in the Middle East?

• Cueneiform

o Popular form of writing, clay writing,

o Revolutionary, recording something was massive

• Babylon tablet

o Explain paythogron math

o Thought of before greece

In what ways is cultural innovation associated with urbanization?

How are global oil reserves distributed by country, and around the world?

• OPEC

• Organization of petroleum exporting countries

• Oil reserves, middle east has a ton of reserves

How are global gas reserves distributed by country, and around the world?

• Natural gas reserves, Rus, Iran, Qatar, US

• UAE and Qatar are in top 10 for both

Where are the world's wealthiest countries per capita? Why are they located there?

• Qatar 1

• Kuwait 4

• UAE 8

• Saudi Arabia 11

What is Dubai, and why is it significant?

What is distinctive about Dubai, in regards to its urban form?

What are Dubai's major landmarks?

• Burj Khalifa tallest building in the world

• Building a utopia

• Man made islands

• United Arab Emirates, kind of like states

• Abu Dhabi

• Massive wealth

What are some major components of Dubai's economy?

• An oil economy no longer

• weakening of correlation between price of oil and real estate

• Real estate prices still good because economy it is diversified

• Immigrant slave labor

• Immigrant labor makes 6x what they could in India

• Jafza free zone

How did Dubai get so rich? How might you describe Dubai's economic development strategy, and why has it worked for the region?

• Construction

• Shipping

• Transit

• Free trade zones

• Cheap labor costs

• Tourism

What is a "free zone" in Dubai? What is an example of a "free zone," and what functions does it provide?

No taxes, no gov interference

What is Doha, and why is it significant?

• 1.5 million people

• Qatar is the richest country in the world

• Sleepy fishing port

• Largest natural gas reserves

• Booming global metropolis

Qatar exports

• 56% petroleum gases

• Media capital of the world

• Al Jazera

Percentage-wise, what countries have the highest share of their populations that are foreign-born?

• 75% foreign born qatar

In these countries, where are migrants likely to come from?

• All from south asia

What is a population pyramid, and what does it illustrate?

What does Qatar's population pyramid look like, and why?

• More men than women

• Working class age from labor migrants

Why was Qatar awarded the 2022 World Cup?

What projects are underway in Doha and Qatar to prepare for the World Cup?

Why was the awarding of the World Cup to Qatar controversial?

• never been a middle eastern world cup

• too hot for the summer

• Humans rights abuses

What job opportunities are available for labor migrants in regards to the 2022 World Cup?

• Kafala

• Company has authority over you

• Bound to company, cannot advance, can change contract whenever

• Modern day slavery, no rights, living in squalls

What policies regulate labor migration in Qatar?

none

What are working conditions like for labor migrants in Qatar? What reforms has the country pursued?

• Coming back dead

• Qataris do not see them as people

• Kafala, owns the laborers

• Pay what they decide

• Not allowed to live near qataris

• Cannot go home when they want

• Need exit visas, passport in main office

• Smell of human waste

• 3 workers died from heart attacks in last couple months

Regionally, how is the world's population distributed? How does Africa figure here - both now and into the future?

• Africa's population is 1.1 billion (15 percent of world)

• Population under 15 -451 million, 24 percent of the worlds under 15 demographic

• by 2100 Africa will have 40% of the population

• Most countries in Africa will double growth

• Europe will decline in growth

Where are the world's fastest-growing countries located? How are their populations expected to change by mid-century?

Where in the world are countries located that are expected to decline in population by mid-century?

Europe

What are the world's largest countries by population? How is this expected to change by mid-century?

How is Africa's population distributed between rural and urban areas? How is this changing?

• Least urban place

• By 2050 50% urban

Where are Africa's largest cities located? How have these cities grown over time, and how are they projected to grow into the future?

What is Lagos, and why is it significant?

What are some key economic characteristics of Lagos?

Where are Lagos's wealthiest areas and centers of influence located?

What is the demographic balancing equation, and what are its components?

• Population changes in societies a function of the demographic balancing equation

What is a total fertility rate (TFR), and how does it relate to the concept of replacement fertility within a society?

• Total Fertility rate, expected number of children woman is expecting to have

o 2.1 globally

o Not grow or not decline

How is Nigeria's population structure changing? What does its population structure suggest about the dynamics of population change within the country?

• Men and women equal

• People are living longer

How do fertility rates vary geographically within Nigeria? How does this relate to cultural and socioeconomic circumstances within the country?

• Fertility rate is 8 kids in some northern states

• The lowest is 3.8

• Lagos 4.1 births

How has the infant mortality rate of Nigeria changed over time?

Why have migrants come to Lagos? What have they encountered there?

What is Makoko, and why is it significant? What does it represent?

Geographically, how is Lagos growing?

What are some infrastructural challenges Lagos faces in regards to transportation? Economically, why is this significant?

What are some ways in which Lagos authorities have sought to manage slum areas? Why is this significant for Lagos residents?

What is environmental sustainability? What are some definitions of "sustainability," and why is it important?

In what ways are cities related to their natural environments? What are some urban initiatives in the United States to promote environmental sustainability?

What is Mumbai, and why is it significant?

• Good entry point for rest of country

• Used to be called bombay

• Growing to 21 million now, 5th largest city in the world

How would you characterize the general geography of Mumbai?

What is Mumbai's historical significance in both pre- and post-independence India?

How are cities growing in India? Where is urban growth taking place within the country?

How is India's population distributed between rural and urban areas?

Geographically, how is Mumbai growing?

What are some major components of Mumbai's economy? How have these sectors influenced Mumbai's economic standing, both within India and globally?

What is Dharavi, and why is it significant?

What is the Indian caste system, and how does it relate to social geography within Indian cities?

What are the relationships between income and waste generation?

What is the environmental Kuznets curve? What relationship does it propose between economic development and environmental degradation?

• Bell like curve

• As industrialization increases population and waste massively increases

What are some issues surrounding waste management in Mumbai?

• Higher income areas produce more waste

• Lower middle income will be producing way more income

• All groups rising a little

• People are getting more wealthy in India

• Put trash in Deonar Dumping ground which is just outside Mumbai near the river

o Didgusting

o 10 stories higher

o Almost 100 years of accumulation

o Can catch fire

o Theres cows on there

How do wealthy countries manage their waste, and what impacts does this waste management have on countries in the developing world?

What is Delhi, and why is it significant?

• Dehli is broader city

• New Dehli is capital and within Dehli

• Pushing 30 million people

• Banks of the Yunama river, holy river

• 2nd largest economy in India

• Wealthiest area in India per capita

• Massive inequality

Why is water access such a significant issue in India?

• Water not easy to get

• Pipe infrastructure is very poor

• Leakage

• Pipe is tapped often

• Nicer areas have hours of water supply

• 25% does nto have acess to piped water

• Get water from trucks

• Water mafia

o Organized crime around water

What are the major ways in which Delhi residents acquire potable water? How does this vary by income level?

Why is pollution in Delhi such a major issue?

What is the cultural significance of the Yamuna River in India?

What are some of the reasons why the Yamuna River has become polluted?

What impacts has the pollution of the Yamuna River had on Indian residents?

What is a "global city?" What are some examples of global cities, and what is their relationship to other cities around the world? Within their own countries?

What are the "five criteria" used to assess the influence of global cities?

How do different global cities rank according to these criteria?

How do global city economies compare with that of countries around the world?

What is Shanghai? Why is it significant?

How have China's cities grown since 1990? How has Shanghai changed?

How has China's economy grown over the past two decades? What are some of the reasons for these changes?

In what ways is Shanghai distinctive, economically, within China?

What is the hukou system in China? Why is it significant to urbanization in China?

What is Hong Kong, and why is it significant?