Disease prevention - Chapter 1 &2

Disease

Change in structure or function - is considered abnormal

Disorder

Derangement or abnormality in function

Syndrome

A GROUP of symptoms

Pathology

Is the study of disease - more specifically it is the initial cause or the Etiologies

Pathologist

Someone who studies diseases

Pathogens

Migroorganisms that cause disease

Pathogenesis

Describes how a disease PROGRESSES

Acute

Disease for an short period of time

A disease that lasts for an extended period of time is called:

Chronic Disease

What are the causes or _______ of diseases?

Etiology

What are the three causes of disease? (Description)

Idiopathic, Iatrogenic, Nosocomial

Idiopathic

Cause is unknown

Iatrogenic

Problem related to treatment

Nosocomial

Disease is acquired from hospital environment

What are the 6 ways to diagnose a disease?

• Identification or naming of disease

• Medical history (review of systems)

• Physical examination (signs of disease)

• Diagnostic tests

• Symptoms (problems reported by patient)

• Signs (what is seen or measured by a physician)

What are risk factors that can lead to the development of disease?

• Age

• Sex

• Environment

• Lifestyle

• Heredity

Complete Blood test

All blood cell counts

What is a urinalysis

Examines urine for abnormalities

Why do we preform Chest X-rays?

It examines the chest cavity

Electrocardiograph

Records electrical activity in the heart

What does a blood glucose test do?

Determine the glucose levels in a person

Computerized axial tomography

Provides detailed exam of body structures

Serum Electrolytes

Examines blood serum

• Uncontrolled growth

Prognosis

the predicted or excepted outcome of the disease

What is the normal Core temp in an adult?

98.6 F OR 37 C

What is the normal heart rate in an adult?

60 - 100 bpm

What is the normal respiratory rate in an adult?

12-18 bpm

What is considered normal blood o2 levels in an adult?

95-100%

What is the normal blood pressure in an adult?

120/80 mm Hg

Remission

Disappearance of symptoms

Exacerbation

Flare up of symptoms

Complication

Onset of second disease or disorder

Mortality

Mortal or subject to death

Fatal/Lethal

Deadly

Standard of conduct

Moral Judgement

Bioethics

Applies to medical or life decisions

What are six causes of disease? (Factors)

• Heredity

• Trauma

• Inflammation/infection

• Hyperplasias/neoplasms

• Nutritional imbalance

• Impaired immunity

Hereditary diseases

Error in individuals genetic or chrimosomal makeup

What are the three ways hereditary diseases are classified?

• Single Gene abnormality

• Poly genetic (abnormality of several genes)

• Chromosomal

Congenital hereditary disease

Disease present at birth

Classifications of hereditary diseases

• Single gene abnormality

• Abnormality of several genes

  • Abnormality of a chromosome

What is a trauma?

Physical injury or external force

What is inflammation?

A protective immune response triggered by injury or irritant that can be triggered by trauma - signs include redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

What is infection?

The invasion of microorganisms into tissues that causes cell or tissue injury

Hyperplasias

Overgrowth in response to some type of stimulus

Neoplasms

Tumors

Oncology

the STUDY of cancer

Benign or noncancerous

limited growth

Encapsulated - contained in a capsule

Enclosed in capsule

Malignant cancerous

uncontrolled growth

Neoplasm classifications

• Benign or noncancerous

• Encapsulated - contained in capsule

  • Malignant - cancerous

Cancer

Malignant tumor

Metastasizes

Moves and spreads

Metastatic

Moves from site of origin to secondary site in body

Parenteral

Injection administered by injection

Enteral

Nutrition through small intestine

What is the bodies first line of defenses?

• Skin

• Mucous membranes

• Tears and secretions

Protective qualities of immune system

• Leukocytes kill foreign invaders

• Body reacts to antigens by producing antibodies

Antigens

Substances that cause harm and sets off specific response

Antibodies

• Also known as immune bodies

• Proteins that render antigen harmless

What are some common ways that the immune system fails?

• Allergy

• Autoimmunity

• Immunodeficiency

Degeneration

Disease related to age`qw3

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

Dysplasia

Alteration in size, shape, and organization of cell

Metaplasia

Cell changes to another type

Neoplasia

Development of new type of cell with uncontrolled growth pattern

Necrosis

Cellular death

Ischemia

• Decreased blood flow

• The organ is not getting enough blood and oxygen

Infarct

Area of dead cells - failure of blood supply (Infraction)

Gangrene

Critically insufficient blood supply - very localized

Wet gangrene

Saprophytic bacteria involved in necrotic tissue - serious bacterial infection (wet gangrene)

Dry Gangrene

Frostbite, vascular disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases

Mortality

Death

Morbidity

State of being diseased

What are the clinical criteria used to determine brain death?

• Lack of response to stimuli

• Loss of all reflexes

• Absence of respiration

• Lack of brain activity on electroencephalogram (EEG)