Euro history People

Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216)

High point of medieval papal power; pushed “plenitude of power” over kings.

Boniface VIII (c. 1235–1303)

Issued Unam Sanctam (1302), claiming papal supremacy over secular rulers; clashed with Philip IV.

Philip IV “the Fair” of France (r. 1285–1314)

Taxed clergy, dragged the papacy into French domination, aka Avignon Papacy.

Martin V (pope 1417–1431)

Elected by the cardinals at the Council of Constance, the Great Schism bc he was not the only pope.

Edward III of England, ruling

Claimed the French throne, starting the Hundred Years’ War. Charles IV died without a male heir, and Edward III—whose mother, Isabella, was Charles IV’s sister, ppl disagreed and now we have war! (r. 1327–1377)

Henry VI of England, no date just traits

Infant “dual king” of England and France after 1422; ineffective leadership led to England losing almost all its French territory and helped trigger the Wars of the Roses.

Joan of Arc, no date

Peasant girl who lifted the siege of Orléans (1429) and helped secure Charles VII’s coronation by fighting and being a political face

Charles VII of France (r. 1422–1461)

Finished reconquest of France in the Hundred Years’ War.

Louis XI of France, ruling

“Spider king”; crushed nobles, expanded royal power by breaking the independent power of the great nobles. (r. 1461–1483)

Henry VII of England - No date

First Tudor; ended Wars of the Roses; restored order in England.

Charles IV, what did he issue and when

Issued the Golden Bull (1356) giving prince-electors power to choose emperor.

Who did Frederick the Wise protect??

Martin Luther

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits (1540)

Paul III (pope 1534–1549)

Convened Council of Trent; began official Catholic response to Protestantism.

Catherine de’ Medici, no ruling, her infant son was….

Queen mother and regent in France; tried to balance Catholics and Huguenots; her politics framed the Wars of Religion. Charles IX.

Henry of Navarre / Henry IV of France (r. 1589–1610)

Bourbon who ended wars by converting to Catholicism (“Paris is worth a Mass”) and issuing the Edict of Nantes (1598). (r. 1589–1610)

Cesare Beccaria, what was he vocal about?

Wrote on criminal law reform; against torture and cruel punishment.

Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765–1790 as co-ruler; sole 1780–1790)

“Enlightened” Habsburg emperor; most aggressive reform for the enlightenment

Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658)

Led Parliament’s New Model Army; ruled as Lord Protector in Puritan republic. NOT a king.

Charles II (r. 1660–1685)

Restored monarchy; suspected of Catholic leanings; close to Louis XIV.

James II (r. 1685–1688)

Openly Catholic; poor political skills; overthrown in Glorious Revolution.

William III and Mary II (r. 1689–1702 / 1689–1694)

Took the throne after 1688; accepted Bill of Rights; locked in constitutional monarchy.

Ivan IV “the Terrible” (r. 1547–1584)

First crowned tsar of Russia; harsh rule, led to the Time of Troubles.

Michael Romanov (r. 1613–1645)

First Romanov tsar; ended Time of Troubles; founded Romanov dynasty

Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725)

Westernized Russia; built navy; founded St. Petersburg; imposed Table of Ranks.

Catherine the Great (r. 1762–1796)

Continued westernization; expanded Russian territory; example of “enlightened absolutist” but dependent on nobles.

Frederick William “the Great Elector” (r. 1640–1688)

Built Prussia’s strong army and bureaucracy.

Frederick II “the Great” of Prussia (r. 1740–1786)

Enlightened absolutist; military ruler; big on bureaucracy, law, and war.