AP World Unit 8 | AP Exam Review

End of WWII (8.1 Setting the Stage)

Tension between US & USSR in the Potsdam Conference (Soviets wouldn't follow through on flee elections in Eastern Europe)

• Led to distrust between US & USSR

Post WWII (8.1 Setting the Stage)

General trends towards more self-govt (self-determination) & anti-Imperialist attitudes will also lead to the Decolonization movement

• Shifting world led to competition for global leadership, this was exacerbated by nuclear weapon development

Causes of Ideological Struggle (8.2 Cold War)

Capitalism vs Communism | Democracy vs Authoritarianism

Effects of Ideological Struggle (8.2 Cold War)

• Iron Curtain

• US Foreign Policy

• Space & Arms Race

Iron Curtain (8.2 Cold War)

Eastern Germany, Poland, & other Eastern European nations were set up w/ satellite states & tied to USSR through COMECON & Warsaw Pact

US Foreign Policy (8.2 Cold War)

• Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe economies

• Containment to keep communism from spreading from China & USSR

• Truman Doctrine to keep USSR from expanding influence into Turkey & Greece

Space & Arms Race (8.2 Cold War)

• Sputnik

• Satellites

• NASA

• Mutually assured destruction w/ ICBMs as a way to deter hot wars

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) (8.2 Cold War)

A military strategy where the use of nuclear weapons by one side would lead to an overwhelming retaliation from the other, resulting in the complete annihilation of both

Similar Military Alliances (8.3 Effect of the Cold War)

Both US & USSR sought to maintain influence by increasing military alliances w/ NATO & Warsaw Pact

Similar Economic Alliances (8.3 Effect of the Cold War)

Both US & USSR sought to maintain influence by increasing economic influence

Similar Blockades (8.3 Effect of the Cold War)

Both used "blockades" to prevent the spread of opposing ideologies

• Berlin Blockade

• Cuban Missile Crisis

Similar Proxy Wars (8.3 Effect of the Cold War)

Both supported opposing sides in wars in order to prevent the other from exerting influence

• Vietnam, Korea, Angola

Differences in Proxy Wars (8.3 Effect of the Cold War)

US often sent troops / fought in Proxy Wars (Korea & Vietnam) while the Soviets often gave financial & technological support

Difference Non-Aligned Nations (8.3 Effect of the Cold War)

Despite best efforts to maintain influence, some nations chose to publicly announce a Non-Aligned movement (Bandung Conference)

• Indonesia, India, Ghana, Egypt

Causes of Chinese Communism (8.4 Spread of Communism)

Chinese Civil War which completed after WWII

• Large peasant support w/ land redistribution & better treatment of peasants

Consequences of Chinese Communism (8.4 Spread of Communism)

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) reapidly industrialized China but famine from communes led to 20 million deaths

• Cultural Revolution sought to increase Mao Zedong's power & radicalized university students in the Red Guard to send intellectuals to reeducation camps to reinvigorate the revolutionary communist spirit

Causes of Vietnamese Redistribution (8.4 Spread of Communism)

Vietnam largely agricultural w/ majority of land in control by a few families

• Ho Chi Minh began to redistribute the land after the Vietnam War for Independence

Effects of Vietnamese Redistribution (8.4 Spread of Communism)

More popular in Northern Vietnam than in Southern Vietnam

Causes of Redistribution in Iran (8.4 Spread of Communism)

US backed Shah led the White Revolution while suppressing political dissidents

• Increased voting rights, literacy programs, & social welfare programs

• Redistributed land to peasants

Effects of Redistribution in Iran (8.4 Spread of Communism)

Iranian Revolution of 1979 overthrew the Shah & instituted an anti-western theocracy

Declaration of Vietnamese Independence (8.4 Spread of Communism)

Directly quotes enlightenment ideals in both the US Declaration of Independence & the French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen

• Calls out the hypocrisy in imperialism & to try & force America's support of an independent Vietnam

Similar Process: Diplomacy in India (8.5 Decolonization)

INC & Muslim League negotiated for independence

• Gandhi used non-violent protests to gain international support

Similar Process: Diplomacy in Ghana (8.5 Decolonization)

Kwame Nkrumah negotiated for independence from Britain & created a unified nation by promoting a unified national narrative

• Pushed for Pan-Africanism w/ OAU

• Ruled as a one-party state

Similar Process: Diplomacy in Egypt (8.5 Decolonization)

Gamal Abdel Nasser pushed Pan-Arabism across Egypt & the Middle East

• Nationalized the Suez Canal, led to Suez Crisis, but US & USSR forced Britain, France, & Israel to back down & make Suez Canal open international waterway under Egyptian control

Similar Process: Vietnam War (8.5 Decolonization)

Ho Chi Minh led the Vietnamese War for Independence (also a Proxy War)

Similar Process: Algerian War (8.5 Decolonization)

Against French Colonial rule

• At first, France didn't want Algeria to decolonize as many French citizens lived there

• After the war, Algeria won its independence

Similar Process: Angolan War (8.5 Decolonization)

4 different political groups representing separate tribes fought in this civil war against Portuguese rule (also a Proxy War)

Similar Cultural Divisions (8.5 Decolonization)

Several nations had internal movements against post-colonial govts

• Canada had the Quebecois separatist movement

• Muslim League pushed for new state of Pakistan

• Biafra movement led to civil war in Nigeria

Political Change: Creation of Israel (8.6 Newly Independent States)

Developments: Arab-Israeli Conflit, Palestinian Refugee Crisis

Political Change: Partition of India (8.6 Newly Independent States)

Developments: Religious tension, Refugee crisis, Kashmir Conflict, rise of women in leadership (Indira Gandhi & Benazir Bhutto)

Political Change: Decolonization of Cambodia (8.6 Newly Independent States)

Developments: Khmer Rouge w/ genocide against intellectuals

Economic Changes (8.6 Newly Independent States)

Migration of former colonists to metropoles in former mother country

Long-Lasting Effects of Imperialism (8.6 Newly Independent States)

New separatist movements & rising human rights issues tied to various ethnic groups

• Despite being decolonized, nations had to deal w/ long-lasting effects (ie. ethnic tension & depletion of natural resources)

Protests & Other Non-violent Movements Against Govts for Reforms (8.7 Global Resistance)

• Mohandas Gandhi in India (Civil disobedience for Indian Independence)

• Martin Luther King, Jr. (Civil disobedience for Civil Rights)

• Nelson Mandela (Civil disobedience for end of Apartheid)

• 1968 Protests (Student protests against authoritarian regimes, better public education & universities)

Intensified Conflict (8.7 Global Resistance)

• Franco's rule as dictator in Spain (political dissenters to concentration camps)

• Idi Amin's "Butcher of Uganda" rule (expelled 60,000 Indians from Uganda, killed 500,000 others in Uganda)

Growth of Terrorism (8.7 Global Resistance)

• Al Qaed

• Irish Republican Arm

• Shining Path (Peru)

Development of Military Industrial Complex (8.7 Global Resistance)

Militaries so large that restricting funding would put too many people out of work, causing economic dependence (US)

Soviet Engagement of Afghanistan (8.8 End of Cold War)

Broke detente (relaxed tensions) & started renewed tensions

• US under Reagan then instituted Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) to outspend Soviets on ICBMs & counter-defense measures

  • When Soviets lost the Soviet-Afghan War, they opened themselves up to reform

Gorbachev Reforms (8.8 End of Cold War)

2 major reform movements-glasnost (political freedom) & perestroika (opening the economy)

• This & Gorbachev not sending in soviet troops to keep Communist govts in Eastern Europe led to breakdown of Warsaw Pact & USSR (Berlin Wall '89, Russian Federation '91)