Evolution of Modern Computational Intelligence

Practice flashcards covering the history, key figures, and terminology associated with the evolution of modern computational intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The creation of machines that solve problems in a way that, if done by humans, would require intelligence.

The Turing Test

A test proposed by Alan Turing to measure whether a machine has reached human-level intelligence.

Three Requirements for AI

As noted by Nick Bostrom, these are hardware, software, and input/output mechanisms.

Computational Neuroscience

A research direction aimed at understanding how the individual components of the human brain work to create software for human-level intelligence machines.

Molecular Nanotechnologies

Technologies working at the scale of $1$ to $100$ nanometers (from $\frac{1}{1,000,000}$ to $\frac{1}{10,000}$ of the thickness of an American dime) that could be used to disassemble human brains.

John McCarthy

Regarded as the "Father of AI" and organizer of the Dartmouth summer research project in 1956.

Dartmouth Summer Research Project (1956)

An event at Dartmouth College where the term "artificial intelligence" was coined and AI was officially started as a science.

Syllogistic Logic

The first formal deductive reasoning system, invented by Aristotle in the 5th Century.

Pascal's Calculator (1642)

The first mechanical digital calculating machine, which functioned as an adding machine.

Step Reckoner

A machine built in 1673 based on Leibniz's design which improved upon adding machines to include multiplication and division.

Difference Engine

A mechanical device built by Charles Babbage in 1820 to perform simple mathematical calculations; it was the first successful automatic calculator.

Ada Augusta Lovelace

The world's first programmer who continued the work of Charles Babbage.

Charles Sanders Peirce

An American logician who expanded Boolean logic and realized its potential for use in electronic circuitry.

Claude Shannon

A pioneer of AI and Nobel Prize winner who made full use of Boolean logic in electrical logic circuits.

Gottlob Frege

A German mathematician who reconceived logic by constructing a formal system that constituted the first predicate calculus.

Principia Mathematica

A three-volume work co-authored by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead that refined predicate calculus and revolutionized formal logic.

Emil Post

A mathematical logician who developed production systems and a programming language without a machine to implement it on.

Kurt Gödel

A 20th-century mathematician who proved the incompleteness of axioms for arithmetic.

ENIAC

The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, built between 1943-1945 by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.

The Logic Theorist

A program by Newell, Shaw, and Simon that solved problems by limiting the search, aiming to mimic human problem-solving.

General Problem Solver (GPS)

A computer program developed in 1957 intended to work as a universal problem-solver machine, implemented in IPL language.

LISP

A programming language created by John McCarthy in 1958 based on "List Processing," where lists are used for both code and data.

Semantic Net

A graph representing semantic relations among concepts, designed for machine translation by Margaret Masterman.

Joseph F. Engelberger

A physicist and engineer referred to as the "Father of Robotics" and founder of Unimation Inc.

ELIZA

A 1966 program by Joseph Weizenbaum that attempted natural language communication by modeling the behavior of a Rogerian psychiatrist.

SHRDLU

A program by Terry Winograd that demonstrated a computer's ability to understand English sentences within a restricted world of blocks.

Expert System

A system that predicts the probability of a solution under set conditions, used to interpret statistics and formulate rules in fields like medicine and finance.

MYCIN

An early expert system developed at Stanford used to diagnose blood infections and recommend treatments.

PROSPECTOR

An expert system developed by NASA to advise on the likelihood of exploitable mineral deposits based on geological information.

PROLOG

Short for 'Progammation en Logique', a language created in 1971-1972 by Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel for natural language processing and automated theorem-proving.

Evolutionary Computation

A field of AI covering genetic and evolutionary algorithms, evolution strategies, evolutionary programming, and genetic programming.