Cell

cell membrane

A selective lipid bilayer barrier surrounding the cell that regulates the entry and exit of substances.

Cytoplasm

The jelly like fluid that fills the cell, holding organelles in place and providing a site for chemical reactions.

Nucleus

The membrane bound organelle that stores genetic material (DNA) and directs cellular activities.

Ribosome

Small cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by reading genetic instructions.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A membrane network studded with ribosomes that folds and processes synthesize proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A membrane network lacking ribosomes that synthesizes lipids and neutralizes toxins.

Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattered membrane that modifies, sorts, and packages protein into vesicle for transport.

Mitochondria

Organelle with a double membrane that converts food nutrients into usable chemical energy (ATP)

Lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes to breakdown waste, old cell parts, and invaders.

ATP

Acts as the primary chemical energy currency used to power cellular processes.

Pathway of a secreted protein

Ribosome > Rough ER > Golgi Apparatus > Cell Membrane

Vesicle

A small membrane bound sac used for transporting molecules within or out of the cell.

Nuclear envelope

A double membrane enclosing the nucleus containing pores to regulate transport.

Nucleulus

A dense region inside the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers providing structural support, shape, and internal transport tracks.

Vacuole

A membrane bound organelle used for storing water, nutrients, and waste products.

Chloroplast

Organelle found in plant cell that converts light energy into sugar through photosynthesis.

Mitochondrial Cristae

The inner food membranes of a mitochondrion that increase surface area for energy production.

Peroxisome

An organelle that neutralizes toxic substances and breaks down fatty acids.

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution

Solvent

The dissolving medium in a solution

Isotonic Solution

A solution possessing the exact same solute concentration as the cytoplasm inside a cell.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution containing a lower concentration of solute that the cytosol inside a cell.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution containing a higher concentration of solute than the cytosol inside a cell.

Crenation

The shivering and notched appearance of an animal cell when place in a hypertonic Solution.

Autophagy

The lysosomal degradation process where a cell digest its own damaged organelles or proteins

Centrioles

Organize mitotic spindles to separate chromosomes during cell division.

Cilia

Sweep fluids, mucus, and foreign particles across the cell surface.

Flaggela

Propels the entire cell forward so it can travel.

Microvilli

Increases surface area by up to 40x to maximize nutrient absorption.

Mitosis

Process where a single cell devides to produce two identical daughter cell. its primary purpose is growth, tissue repair, and replacing old or damage cells in the body.

Diffusion

With the concentration gradient through the lipid portion of the cell membrane.

Osmosis

With the concentration gradient (for water) through the lipid portion of the cell membrane or through membrane channels.

Facilitated diffusion

With the concentration gradient by carrier molecules or through membrane channels

Active Transport

Against concentration gradient by carrier molecules.

Secondary Active Transport

Against the concentration gradient by carrier molecules, the energy for secondary Active Transport of one substance comes from the concentration gradient of another

Endocytosis

Movement into cell by vesicles

Exocytosis

Movement out of cells by vesicles