02.25.25 Lab Practical # 1 Review

Superior

Means above.

Inferior

Means below.

Anterior

Means front.

Posterior

Means back.

Ventral

Belly side (anterior).

Dorsal

Back side (posterior).

Proximal

Closer to the body.

Distal

Further from the body.

Superficial

Shallow, close to the surface.

Deep

Away from the surface.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Divisions used primarily by medical personnel.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

One of the four divisions used in the abdominopelvic region.

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

One of the four divisions used in the abdominopelvic region.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

One of the four divisions used in the abdominopelvic region.

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

One of the four divisions used in the abdominopelvic region.

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin.

Dermis

Inner layer of skin consisting of papillary and reticular layers.

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous tissue; not part of the skin.

Sebaceous Gland

Oil gland in the skin.

Eccrine Sweat Gland

Gland that produces a watery sweat.

Apocrine Gland

Gland associated with hair follicles that produces a thicker sweat.

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis, where cell division occurs.

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of the epidermis above the stratum basale.

Stratum Granulosum

Layer of the epidermis where cells begin to keratinize.

Stratum Lucidum

Thin, translucent layer only found in thick skin.

Stratum Corneum

Outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells.

Cranial Bones

Eight bones that make up the cranium.

Frontal Bone

Bone located at the front of the skull.

Parietal Bones

Two bones that form the sides and roof of the cranium.

Occipital Bone

Bone that forms the back and base of the skull.

Temporal Bones

Bones located on the sides of the skull.

Sphenoid Bone

Bat-shaped bone located at the base of the skull.

Ethmoid Bone

Bone that forms part of the nasal cavity and the orbits.

Coronal Suture

Suture between the parietal bones and frontal bone.

Sagittal Suture

Suture between the right and left parietal bones.

Lambdoid Suture

Suture between the parietal bones and occipital bone.

Squamous Suture

Suture between the parietal and temporal bones.

Atlas

First cervical vertebra, supports the globe of the head.

Axis

Second cervical vertebra, allows rotation of the head.

Thoracic Vertebrae

Vertebrae T1 to T12, associated with the rib cage.

Lumbar Vertebrae

Vertebrae L1 to L5, largest vertebrae in the lower back.

Sacrum

Triangular bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.

Coccyx

The tailbone, made up of three to five fused vertebrae.

Pectoral Girdle

Structure that connects the upper limb to the body.

Acromion

Bony process on the scapula, forms the highest point of the shoulder.

Humerus

Long bone of the upper arm.

Tibia

Larger bone of the lower leg.

Fibula

Smaller bone of the lower leg.

Patella

Kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint.

Gluteus Maximus

Largest muscle of the buttock.

Quadriceps Femoris

Group of muscles on the front of the thigh.

Biceps Brachii

Muscle of the upper arm with two heads.

Triceps Brachii

Muscle of the upper arm with three heads.

Frontalis

Muscle that raises the eyebrows.

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain that regulates coordination and balance.

Brain Stem

Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Olfactory Nerve

First cranial nerve, responsible for the sense of smell.

Optic Nerve

Second cranial nerve, responsible for vision.

Cochlear Nerve

Nerve that carries sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear.

Hypoglossal Nerve

Twelfth cranial nerve, controls tongue movements.