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Colombus

Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1492 to find a Western water passage to the spice islands of Asia. He landed in the West Indies of Americas and “discovered” the Western Hemisphere. His voyage started the “Colombian Exchange”

John Cabot

Sponsored by Henry VII of England to explore the Eastern coast of North America. It’s his voyage that gave England the claim to what would become the 13 colonies

De las Casas

A Spanish member of the Catholic clergy, he opposed Spain’s brutal treatment of the Native Americans through the Encomienda System. He said Native Americans were fully human and deserved God’s grace as much as Europeans. He also suggested the use of Africans as slaves rather than Native Americans though he later regretted the suggestion

John Smith

The military leader of Jamestown

Powhatan

The leader of the Native American group that bears his name. The father of Pocahontas. This group encountered the colony of Jamestown and unsuccessfully revolted against the colonist in 1622

John Rolfe

He introduced tobacco cultivation to Jamestown which created a profitable crop

John Winthrop

The puritan leader of Massachusetts

Roger Williams

He was banished from Massachusetts for dissenting from puritan views. He founded Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

She was a bigger threat against the Puritan leaders of Massachusetts. She believed in Antinomianism (the belief that you don’t have to follow the laws or moral norms). She was exiled from Massachusetts and also went to Rhode Island

Willam Penn

Quaker leader of Pennsylvania

1492

Colombia set off on his voyage of discovery which marks the start of the Eastern and Western contact starting the Colombian exchange

1607

The found of the first successful English colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. Started by the Virginia company to find gold, the colony struggled with starvation, Native Americans encounters, and unhealthy climate. It survived because of the success of tobacco cultivation

Colombian Exchange

The exchange of flora and grains including crops, animals, and disease between the “Old” world and the “New”

Encomienda system

The Spanish method of exploiting the Native Americans for labor in the western Hemisphere. The Spanish brutality earned them an inglorious nickname: “The Black Legend”

God,Glory, Gold

The main motivations for the Spanish and European goals for exploration

Pueblo revolt

The successful revolt of the indigenous groups of Santa Fe against brutal actions and attempts to Christianize them by the Spanish

The Chesapeake

The site of the first successful English colonies, including Jamestown, Virginia and Maryland. Tobacco became the main cash crop of these colonies grown largely through slave labor.

The New England colonies

Settled by the pilgrims and puritans. These colonies include Massachusetts and Rhode Island. They are characterized religious intolerance and family farms devoted to subsistence farming. Their economies largely revolved around the sea, including, fishing, ship building, and trade

The middle colonies

Including the colonies of New York and Pennsylvania, these colonies are the most diverse and tolerant of the English colonies. They grow cereal crops for the market and are often called the “Bread basket” of the colonies. The Dutch and Quaker roots of these colonies make them more tolerant towards their policies towards native Americans

The southern colonies

Including the Carolina’s and Georgia. These colonies relied on rice as a cash crop and heavily relied on African slave labor

The West Indies

Including Barbados. These island colonies relied on sugar as a cash crop and relied heavily on African slave labor

House of Burgesses

The first elected representative body in the English colonies this was in Jamestown , Virginia

Indentured servants

These are people from Europe who were too poor to afford their own passage to the americas so in exchange for transportation to the colonies, they agreed to work for their sponsors for approximately 7 years

The mayflower compact

The first governmental document in the English colonies. This was signed by the pilgrims on the mayflower in 1620

Mercantilism

A heavily regulated economic theory of the 17th century that had a goal of keeping the gold in the mother country. This was accomplish through colony ownership and a favorable balance of trade

Bacons rebellion

The first colonial revolution in the English colonies . Led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor, William Berkeley , the rebels were fighting for land rights and the desire to further push native Americans off their land. Most of the rebels were poor Caucasians, indentured servants, and African Americans. After causing a lot of loss of property bacon dies many of his followers were hanged and Berkeley was removed form colonial leadership. The end result was the indentured servitude diminished and laws against African slaves became much more restrictive

King Philip’s war

Also known as Metacom’s war, this was a major uprising of Native Americans in New England the one Pano chief Mecom let this revolt against English settle, settlers and protest of the encroachment upon their land. This was the most destructive of the colonial Wars and King Phillips war is considered the bloodiest war per capita in US history last several hundred colonist, dead and dozens of English settlements destroyed Or heavily damaged after medical death this 14 month long uprising decimated the NARRAGANSETT, WAMPANOAG and mainly and many smaller tribes and mostly ended Indian resistance since Southern New England paving the way for additional English Settlements

The middle passage

The segment of the triangular trade where Africans were transported as slaves to the West Indies and other areas in the colonies or slaves were heavily used. Approximately 12.5 million Africans were transported as slaves to the America. About 2 million died along the way.

Thomas Paine

He wrote “Common Sense” in 1776 to convince Americans to break free from America. This really appealed to average colonists who were not as invested in fighting the British previously. He argued against monarchies and hereditary privileges and in favor of representative governments.

George Washington

He led the Continental Army during the American Revolution; he was president of the Constitutional Convention and became our first president of the United States. It is often said of him that he was “First in war, first in peace, and First in the hearts of his countrymen.

Alexander Hamilton

He was the primary writer of the “Federalist Papers” that attempted to convince people to vote for ratification of the Constitution. He was the first Secretary of Treasury under Washington’s presidency. His fiscal plan was to create a National Bank and to pay off state debts so the credit of the nation would improve. He was a leader of the Federalist Party that relied on the “necessary and proper clause/elastic clause” to strengthen the powers of the Federal government over the States. He was killed by Aaron Burr in a dual. 

John Adams

He was a leader of the founding fathers who was instrumental in forming the Declaration of Independence. He was Washington’s Vice President and 2nd president of the USA. He struggled with controversies during his one term in office such as the “XYZ Affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions.

Thomas Jefferson

He was the primary writer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the first Secretary of State under Washington, and he became the 3rd president of the USA. As secretary of state, he was a leader of the Democratic Republican parties and was a “Strict Constructionist” who believed the Federal government should only do thing that were specifically enumerated in the Constitution. HE did not support the idea of implied powers through the “necessary and proper” clause. HE did not support the creation of a National Bank. As president he switched to support of the “necessary and proper: clause when he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France.

Benjamin Franklin

ON of the most influential of the Founding Fathers, Franklin was a lead proponent for independence during the lead up to the Revolutionary War. He proposed the “Albany Plan” which called for colonial unity during the French and Indian War (he drew the “join or die” snake cartoon), he spearheaded the repeal of the stamp act, he published “Poor Richard’s Almananc, as the ambassador to France he was instrumental in gaining French support during the revolutionary war. he is the only founding farther to have signed the declaration of independence, the treaty of Paris, and the constitution. He was also the most prominent figure in the American enlightenment, having invented the lightening rod, bifocals, and charted and named the Gulf Stream

1763

Peace of Paris: Ended the French and Indian war in Britian’s favor

1763

Proclamation Line: This prevented the colonist from moving west across the Appalachian Mountains. This started tension between the colonists and the British government

1776

Declaration of Independence: Written by Thomas Jefferson and based on john Lockes ideas, this listed the reasons why the colonists were declaring their independence from the British. It focused on the ideas of natural rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

1783

The Peace of Paris: This treaty ended the Revolutionary war. Britian recognized America as an independent nation. The boundaries were from the Mississippi river to the Atlantic ocean

1787

The Constitutional Convention: After Shay’s rebellion, it was determined that the articles of confederation created a government that was too weak to with its problems. So a new constitution was written in Philadelphia.

Stamp act

A direct tax on paper. The colonists were upset because they had no representation in Parliament to have a voice in the implementation of taxes (No taxation without representation) they protested with boycotts and tarring and feathering of tax agents. The tax was eventually repealed

Sons of Liberty

an organized group that led to protests and boycotts of British goods. They opposed any action by the British government that they saw as an infringement on their liberty. They often used the Liberty tree as their symbol. Some prominent member were Samuel Adams and Paul revere

The Boston Massacre

This arose from building tensions between colonists and British troops who were stationed in the city 5 colonists were killed including crispus Attucks, a man of African and native American descent

Intolerable acts

These were acts passed against Boston in retaliation for the Boston tea party. boston harbor was closed

Lexington and Concord

The first shots of the revolutionary war

The Battle of Saratoga

The battle that marked the turning point of the revolutionary war. after which, the French decided to support the Americans.

Loyalists

Colonists who stayed loyal to the British and were against the movement for independence

Patriots

Colonists who supported the war for independence

Republican Motherhodd

The idea that mother should be educated to teach their children to be patriotic

The Articles of Confederation

First Constitution that was too weak and needed to be revised

Shays rebellion

Rebellion showed that the government created by the Articles of Confederation was too weak and unable to deal with nation’s problems

The Great compromise

dealt with the problem of how states should be represented in congress at the constitutional convention. It was a combination of the Virginia and jersey plan and resulted in a bicarmel legislature that had a house determined by the population of the state and a senate with an equal amount of senators (2 per state)

Federalism

The system of having 2 governments at the same time: A National government (federal) and a state government

separation of powers

A system developed by Montesquieu that called for separate branches of government (Legislative, Executive, Judicial) that kept each other in check through a system of checks and balances

3/5th clause

A compromise to designate slaves as 3/5ths of a person for the purpose of counting representatives in congress

Federalists vrs Anti_federalists

Federalists were those who supported ratification of the constitution. led by Hamilton who was one of the primary writers of the federalist papers. anti federalist were those who thought the constitution gave too much power to the government and were only satisfied when a bill of rights was added to the constitution

Bill of rights

The first ten amendments, these protect the people civil liberties

Federalists’ vs republicans

These were the first two political parties that emerged during Washingtons presidency. Hamilton led the federalists who wanted a strong central government supported by a banking/manufacturing elite. They believed in implied powers given to the government by the necessary and proper clause including the creation of a National Bank. The Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson preferred strong state government should stick to enumerated power. They were opposed to the creation of a National Bank for fear it would only favor the weak

The Whiskey Rebellion

This rebellion proved that the new government created with the Constitution was strong enough to deal with internal challenges. Washington himself led the military as he rode to put down the rebellion.

Alien and Sedition acts

These controversial acts were enacted during John Adams presidency and attempted to silence those who were speaking out against government policies. The Kentucky and Virgina Resolutions attempted to nullify the acts.

Thomas Jefferson

The 3rd president of the U.S, elected in 1800. From the Democratic-Republican Party. He changed his strict constructionist view of the Constitution in order to double the size of the U.S with the Louisiana Purchase.

James Madison

The 4th president of the U.S, from the Democratic- Republican party. He was most known for getting America involved in the war of 1812 against the British

James Monroe

The 5th president of the United States and a Democratic-Republican. He is best known for the Monroe Doctrine which told Europe to stay out of the western Hemisphere.

Henry clay

Leader of the Whigs, he was an architect of the American system that emphasized internal improvements, a protective tariff, and the 2nd national bank. He was known as the Great Compromiser and played a role in the Missouri Compromise, the compromise that ended the Nullification Crises, and the Compromise of 1850

Andrew Jackson

The 7th president of the U.S, he was elected in 1828 and represented the Democratic Party. His time period was known as “The Age of Jackson”. He was known as a president of the “common man”. He vetoed the 2nd national bank, ignored the court case, “Worchester v Georgia” and instigated the “Trial of Tears”. His vice president, John Calhoun, stepped down due to the “Tariff of Abominations” and caused the Nullification Crisis.

John Calhoun

An ardent supporter of southern state’s rights, he was once Vice-President for Andrew Jackson but resigned over the “Tariff of Abominations”. He opposed any limitations on slavery

John Marshall

The fourth Supreme Court Chief Justice of the U.S, Marshall expanded the powers of the Federal Government and cemented the separation of powers with cases like Marbury v Madison, McCulloch v Maryland, and Gibbons v Ogden.

Eli Whitney

He is credited with the concept of interchangeable parts and the invention of the Cotton Gin.

Henry David Thoreau

A leading writer of the Transcendentalist movement (part of the American Romantic movement. He is best known for writing “Walden” which glorified naturalist living.

William Loyd Garrison

A leading abolitionist, he published the anti-slavery newspaper,”“The Liberator”. He advocated for the immediate liberation of slaves

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

She was a leading advocate for women’s rights. She was a founder of the Senecan Fall Convention of 1848 and was the primary writer of the Declaration of Sentiments” where she called for women’s rights, especially the right to vote

Frederick Douglass

An escaped slave who taught himself how to read and write. He became a leading abolitionist and wrote an auto biography entitled “The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, and American slave”

Louisiana Purchase

Bought by Jefferson from the French for approximately 15 million. This nearly double the size of America and made Jefferson change his strict constructionist view of the Constitution

Marbury v Madison

John Marshall’s decision that established the policy of “judicial review” that gives the Supreme Court the right to declare laws written by congress to be unconstitutional

The war of 1812

Often called the second American Revolutionary War. We fought Britian to end impressment and to try and gain land from Canada. Although America is credited as the “winner” of this war, we really achieved no territorial gains nor the promise from Britian that impressment would end. This initiated an “Era of Good Feelings” as American nationalism grew.

The Erie Canal

The brain child of New York governor Dewitt Clinton, the canal connects Lake Erie to the Hudson River. This connected New York City to the western states and played a big role in the market revolution by dropping the cost of goods and making NYC an economic powerhouse

The American System

An economic program devised by henry Clay to bolster the economic system of America. It was a three part plan to build the nations infrastructure like canals and roads, increase protective tariffs, and support the second Bank of the U.S

The Second Great Awakening

This was a protestant religious revival movement that was based on self-reflection, individualism and free will. This differed from the First Great Awakening which was led by the Calvinist Tradition based on Predestination. This Second Great movement was more inspired by Methodism which stressed man’s free will to come to God. This movement inspired many reform movements like Abolitionism.

Seneca Falls Convention Center

The first women’s rights convention held in 1848

The Market Revolution

The process by which America became a market based economy. The Factory driven East became connected to the Agricultural and rural West

Monroe Doctrine

The proclamation by President Monroe that Europe needs to stay out of the Western Hemishpere

The Missouri Compromise was

An attempt in 1820 to keep slave states and free states balanced. Missouri came in slave while Maine came in free. The 36-30 line was created to divide the rest of the land of the Louisiana Territory that land north would be free and land south would be slave.

The Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney, it sped up the process of removing seeds from the cotton fiber making it quicker to process cotton making it far more profitable. It increased the use of slavery in the South and tied that South to the Northern textile factories.

Cult of Domesticity

The idea that a woman’s place was at the home and it was seen as a place of pride for middle class women that came out of the idea of Republican motherhood

Tariff of Abominations

The term given by southern politicians like John Calhoun who believed the tariff of 1828 hurt the southern economy 

The Nullification Crisis

The crisis that emerged over the tariff of abominations. John Calhoun resigned as Vice president over this issue and said that states should be able to nullify federal laws. President Jackson threatened war over the issue but a compromise tariff devised by Henry Clay eventually ended the crisis

Worchester v Georgia

A supreme court case decision by John Marshall that said it was unconstitutional for the federal government to remove Indians from their land

Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson forced the Cherokee Indians to march over 800 miles off their native in Georgia to reservation land in present day Oklahoma. Thousands died along the way due to starvation

Spoils system

The system started by Andrew Jackson to hire your loyal party members to important positions in the government

Temprance movement

The movement to end the sale and consumption of alcohol because it was believed to be responsible for many social problems. Middle class women were often the leaders of these movements

Abolition Movement

the movement to end slavery in America

American Romanticism

An art movement that focused on individualism, self reflection, and nature

Transcendentalism

A literary branch of Romanticism that focused on nature and hum perfectionism. Led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

The Panic of 1819

The first widespread financial crisis which resulted from the world economy trying to right itself after the wars of the French revolution. Many blamed the Second bank of the US

Jefferson election

1800

The Panic

1819

The Second American Revolutionary War

1812

The Missouri Compromise 

1820

Election of Jackson

1828

The Seneca Falls Convention

1848