James I to Peter the Great

James I

King of England (1603-1625), survived nine kidnapping attempts, authored his own Bible, died in 1625

Gunpowder Plot

Main problem during James I's reign

Mary Queen of Scots

Mother of James I

Charles I

King of England (1625-1649), had a long argument with Parliament, ruled without Parliament for 11 years, got in trouble for not stopping the rule of the English Church, civil war broke out, executed for tyranny

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the New Model Army during the English Civil War, led Parliament to victory, charged Charles I with tyranny

Interregnum

Period between 1649-1660 when Oliver Cromwell ruled and Charles II was exiled

Charles II

King of England (1660-1685), pursued those who executed his father, dealt with the Great Plague and the Great Fire, started the Royal Society, built up the navy, died as a Roman Catholic

Great Plague

Epidemic in 1665, similar to the Black Plague

Great Fire

Fire in 1666 blamed on Catholics

Test Act

Passed in 1683, excluded Catholics from holding office

Declaration of Indulgence

Allowed Catholics to hold mass in private homes

James II

King of England (1685-1688), Catholic, overthrown in the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of James II, William and Mary invited to run England, led to the Bill of Rights Act and the Toleration Act

Bill of Rights Act

Passed after the Glorious Revolution, established limits on the power of the king and protected parliamentary supremacy

Toleration Act

Passed after the Glorious Revolution, allowed religious dissenters to practice but excluded them from government positions

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia (1672-1725), transformed Russia into a strong nation, won the Great Northern War, modernized Russia, established the Table of Ranks, executed his own son

Great Northern War

War fought by Peter the Great against Sweden, resulted in Russia gaining St. Petersburg

Table of Ranks

System of social hierarchy established by Peter the Great

Ottoman Empire

Land acquired by Peter the Great

Royal Society

Founded by Charles II, a scientific society

Serfs

Peasants in Russia who had no rights