Unit 6 Vocabulary: Consequences of Industrialization

1883 Slavery Abolition Act

ended slavery in parts of the British Empire which created a need for labor. Workers from British West Indian territories were recruited to fill the labor gap

Alessandro Volta

an Italian scientist who invented the first electric battery

Banana Republics

small Central American countries that fell under the economic power of foreign corporations

Berlin Conference

a meeting of several European powers to discuss the orderly colonization of Africa in which colonial boundaries and trade movements were established

Boer Wars

also known as the Anglo-Boer Wars, were two wars fought in 1880-1881 and 1899-1902 between the British Empire and two independent Boer states: the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. The conflicts arose over the unwanted presence of the British Empire

Boxer Rebellion

a violent, armed uprising in China that sought to drive all foreigners from China from 1899 to 1901

British East India Company

monopolistic trading body established by the British which exploited Southeast Asia and India for trade. It was a catalyst for the spread of British influence in the area

Collective Bargaining

groups of workers from industry unions that negotiate with management for workers as a group

Congo Free State

privately owned colony by King Leopold II of Belgium from 1885-1908 in which he kept all profits and exploited workers. As many as 8 million died under Leopold's reign

The Chinese Exclusion Act

U.S. federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882 that prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers

Chinese Immigration Act

an 1855 response to the large influx of Chinese miners in Australia that limited the number of Chinese immigrants that came ashore from each ship

Culture System

introduced by the Dutch in 1830 the Dutch East Indies in which farmers had to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing mandatory unpaid work

Division of Labor

assigning different parts or tasks of the manufacturing process to different people in order to improve efficiency

The Enclosure Movement

a movement in England to take land that was public land and change it to privately owned land usually encircled with walls, fences, or hedges

Economic Imperialism

when foreign business interests have great economic power and influence which takes advantage of natural resources outside their borders

Eli Whitney

an American inventor known for his idea of interchangeable parts in machinery. If one part of a product broke, a whole new one wouldn't have to be made. Also known for inventing the cotton gin

Ethnic Enclaves

groups or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country

Export Economies

colonies that turned into centers of production that focused on sending their raw materials or products elsewhere

Factory Act of 1833

this allowed for the Factory Act of 1802 to be enforced, improved conditions for children working in factories, and extended the law to all textile mills

Free Enterprise

an economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

Imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Indentured Servitude

a type of labor (often coerced) in which a person takes out a loan in exchange for agreeing to work without a salary to repay the loan

Indian Rebellion of 1857

also called the Sepoy Mutiny, a violent uprising against the British in colonial India after the British began using cow and pig fat to grease their rifle cartridges. The rebellion was squashed but it sparked the beginning of Indian nationalism

Industrial Capitalism

an economic and social system in which trade, industry and capital are privately controlled and operated for a profit

Jeremy Bentham

An English philosopher and founder of utilitarianism; argued law was useful and therefore good; believed people should be educated so they could make decisions for themselves.

Joseph Pulitzer

He was a Hungarian immigrant who created the first modern mass-circulated newspaper. His paper included crowd-pleasing features such as color comics. His newspaper, the New York World, became known for its sensational headlines.

Kangani System

A system in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya in which entire families were recruited to work on plantations.

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869, this was the first major labor organization in the United States. They organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.

Mary Harris Jones

Labor organizer, known as Mother Jones. She fought for coal workers' rights by speaking in Appalachian mining towns, encouraging them to join unions. She also fought for child labor laws.

Migration

The movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions.

Natal Indian Congress

founded by Gandhi, this organization worked to expose discrimination against Indians in South Africa

Patent

a document giving someone the sole right to make and sell an invention

Proclamation of 1763

an act from the British that reserved all land from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River for Native Americans. This was the first instance of a European power granting territorial rights to indigenous people

Spanish-American War

the US victory in 1898 that brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under the control of the US

Social Darwinism

the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Used to justify racist beliefs

Socialism

a political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production and operates them for the benefit of all the people

Steerage

a large open area beneath a ship's deck that was used for storing cargo but later became an area for low cost and low class travel

Tariffs

taxes on imported goods

Ten Hours Act of 1847

this set a 10 hour working day for women and for children younger than 18. Since this included most workers, factory owners extended this to everyone

Tenements

overcrowded housing with poor conditions such as polluted air, lack of clean water, crime, fires, and diseases

Trail of Tears

the route of forced relocations of Native Americans between 1830 and 1850. The walk was over 5,000 miles long, and over 100,000 Native Americans were forcibly removed from their homelands

Treaty of Nanking

after the Opium War, this treaty required China to open ports to foreigners, give Hong Kong to Britain, allow the trade of opium, and pay damages

Urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities with rapidly growing populations

Utopian Socialist

early socialists who believed that people could live together in small cooperative settlements where everyone could work together for the common good and they would collectively own all means of production and share in the production. They worked out plans for towns modeled after Thomas Moore's Utopia

White Australia Policy

legislation of the new Commonwealth of Australia that effectively stopped all non-European immigration into the country and that contributed to the development of a racially insulated white society