Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the Anatomy and Physiology Lecture.

Define Anatomy

_____ of the body, including what they are ___ ___, where they are ____, and _____ structures

Anatomy describes the structures of the body, including what they are made of, where they are located, and associated structures.

Define Physiology

Physiology is the study of the functions of anatomical structures, both individual and cooperative.

What does Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic anatomy) examine?

Large, visible structures of the human body.

What are the subcategories of Gross Anatomy? (6)

(SRSSCD)

Surface anatomy (exterior features)

, regional anatomy (body areas)

sectional anatomy (cross sections)

Systemic anatomy (organ systems)

Clinical anatomy (medical specialities)

Developmental anatomy (conception to adulthood, includes embryology)

What does Microscopic anatomy examine?

Cells and molecules.

What is Cytology?

The study of cells.

What is Histology?

(what form of anatomy is it a part of)

The study of tissues. (part of microscopic anatomy)

What are the different types of Human Physiology? (4)

Cell physiology (function of cell)

organ physiology (function of organ)

systemic physiology (function of organ system)

pathological physiology (effects of diseases on organs or systems)

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

Signs are objective observations (like a fever), while symptoms are subjective experiences (like tiredness).

What is the scientific method?

Doctors use Scientific method to reach diagnosis by evaluating observations, forming hypothesis, and testing it by collecting and analyzing data.

What are the levels of organization in organisms? (6)

Chemical level

• Atoms (smallest stable units of matter)

• Molecules (Groups of atoms) (filaments)

Cellular level

• cells are the smallest living units in body

Tissue

• group of cells working together

Organ level

• 2 or more tissues working together

Organ system level

• Group of interacting organs (11 organ systems in body)

Organism level

• individual life form

What are the major organs of the integumentary system? (4)

What are their functions? (3)

Skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.

Functions

• Protect against env hazards

• regulate body temp

• provide sensory info

What are the major organs of the skeletal system? (4)

What are their functions? (3)

• Bones

• cartilages

• associated ligaments

• bone marrow.

Functions

• Support and protects tissues

• Stores calcium and minerals

• Forms RBC’s

What are the major organs of the muscular system? (2)

What are the functions (3)

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons.

Functions

1. Movement

2. Protection and support for other tissues

3. Generates heat to mantain body temp

What are the major organs of the nervous system? (3)

What are the functions? (3)

1. Brain and spinal cord

2. peripheral nerves

3. sense organs.

Functions

• Makes immediate responses to stimuli

• coordinates/moderates other organ systems

• provides and interprets sensory info

What are the major organs of the endocrine system? (3)

What are the functions? (3)

1. Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands;

2. pancreas and gonads;

3. endocrine tissues in other systems.

Functions

• long term changes in other organ systems

• adjusts metabolic activity and energy use

• controls structural + functional changes in development

What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system? (3)

What are the functions? (2)

(distributes…

Heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Functions

1. Distributes RBC’s, water, nutrients, waste products, O2, CO2.

2. Distributes heat to control body temp.

What are the major organs of the lymphatic system? (5) (S,T,LV,LN,T)

What are the functions? (2)

(DAIAD + RTFTHB)

1. Spleen

2. thymus

3. lymphatic vessels

4. lymph nodes

5. and tonsils.

Functions

1. Defends against infection and disease.

2. Returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream.

What are the major organs of the respiratory system? (7)

Functions? (4)

1. Nasal cavities

2. sinuses

3. larynx

4. trachea

5. bronchi

6. lungs

7. alveoli.

Functions

1. Delivers air to alveoli (place where gas exchange occurs)

2. Brings O2 to blood stream and removes CO2

3. Produces sounds for comm.

What are the major organs of the digestive system? (10)

Functions? (4)

1. Teeth

2. Tongue

3. Pharynx

4. Esophagus

5. Stomach

6. SI

7. LI

8. Liver

9. Gallbladder

10. Pancreas

Functions

• Process/Digest food

• Absorb/Conserve water

• Absorb nutrients

• Stores energy reserves

What are the major organs of the urinary system? (4)

What are the functions? (4

(removes…

(Controls…

(Stores…

(Regulates)

1. Kidneys

2. Ureters

3. Bladder

4. Ureethra

Functions

1. Remove waste from blood via excretion

2. Controls Water # in blood by controlling # of urine produced

3. Stores urine for voluntary excretion

4. Regulates blood ion conc. + pH in blood

What are the major organs of the male reproductive system? (7)

(T,E,DD,SV,PG,P,S

What are the functions? (2)

Major organs

• Testes, Epididymis, Ductus defentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

Function

• Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones

• Sexual intercourse

What are the major organs of the female reproductive system? (7)

What are the functions? (4)

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, and mammary glands.

Functions

1. Make female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

2. Supports deveoping embryo from conception to delivery

3. Provides milk to nourish newborn infant

4. Sexual intercourse

What is medical terminology? (2)

Terms related to the body in health and disease;

most commemorative names, or eponyms, have been replaced by precise terms.

What’s Surface anatomy?

Structures on or near body surface

What are the Anatomical Landmarks? (positions) (3)

Anatomical position: Hands at sides, palms forward

Supine: Lying down, face up

Prone: Lying down, face down

Define all the stars

Cephalic: Head

Oral: Mouth

Mental: Chin

Axillary: Armipit

Brachial: Arm

Antecubital: Front of elbow

Nasal: Nose

Ocular/Orbital: Eye

Otic: Ear

Buccal: Cheek

Cervical: Neck

Thorax/Chest: Sternal

Mammary: Breast

Umbilical: Navel

Identify the stars

Antebrachial: Forearm

Carpal: Wrist

Palmar: Palm

Pollex: Thumb

Digits: Fingers

Patellar: Kneecap

Crural: Leg

Tarsal: Ankle

Digits: Toes

Hallux: Big toe

Pedal: Foot

Pelvic: Pelvis (trunk)

Manual: Hand

Inguinial: groin

Pubic: Pubis

Femoral: Thigh

What are abdominopelvic regions used for?

Occipital: Back of head

Acromial : Shoulder

Olecranial: Back of elbow

Cephalic: Head

Cervical: Neck

Identify the stars

Lumbar: Loin

Sacral (Below lumbar)

Gluteal: Buttcheeks

Poplietal: Back of knee

Sural (sureal): Calf

Calcaneal: Heel of foot

Plantar: Sole of foot

What are the anatomical regions? (2)

1. Abdominopelvic quadrants

2. Abdominopelvic regions

What are the anatomical directions?

Reference terms based on subject

Abdominopelvic quadrants

RUQ (on left), RLQ (on left) LUQ (on right) LLQ (on right)

Abdominopelvic regions

Right Hypochondriac region on left (Epigastric Region top) and Left Hypochondriac region (on right)

Right Lumbar region on left (Umbilical region in middle) and left lumbar region on right

Right inguinial region on left (Hypogastric [pubic region] at bottom) and Left inguinial region on right

Cranial Cavity at top

Dorsal cavity at back, includes the spinal cavity and pelvic cavity

Ventral cavity, includes the thoracic cavity, diaphram, abdominal cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity.

Sectional Anatomy

What’s a section?

What is it used to visualize?

What are 3 important radiological techniques its used for?

Section = Slice through 3D object

• used to visualize internal organization

• important for radiolocial techniques like MRI, PET, and CT

What defines a sectional plane?

Single view along a 2D flat surface

Frontal (Coronal plane)

What is it?

What is a cut in this area called?

1. Vertical plane cuts body into Anterior/Posterior (Front and Back)

2. Cut here is frontal section/coronal section

Saggital Plane

1. What is it

2. What’s a cut here called

3. Where is the midsaggital plane located?

4. Where is the parasaggital plane located?

What does the Transverse plane cut?

What is a cut in the transverse section called?

Saggital plane

• vertical plane dividing into L/R portions

• Cut here is a saggital section

• Midsaggital section is in middle, and Parasaggital plane is offset from middle

Transverse plane

• Divides into Superior + Inferior

• Cut here is a transverse section/cross section

What’s the diff between Midsaggital and Parasaggital sections?

Midsaggital, passes through midline, makes equal R/L halves, Parasaggital misses midline and makes unequal L/R sides.

Describe the orientation of the planes relative to Axis

1. Frontal/Coronal

2. Saggital plane

3. Transverse/Horizontal plane

1. Frontal/Coronal: Parallel to Long axis

2. Saggital plane: Parallel to Long Axis

3. Transverse/Horizontal Axis: Perpendicular to long axis

Coronal usually refers to sections passing through where?

Skull

What are the essential functions of body cavities? (2)

1. Protects organs from shock/impact

2. Permits significant changes in size/shape of internal organs

(Protects from shock/impact)

(allows change in size/shape of internal organs)

Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)

1. What divides it?

2. What cavities does it contain? (2)

1. Divided by the diaphragm

2. Ventral body cavity contains the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities.

What is the Body cavity containing?

Viscera (Internal organs)

Serous membrane (Serosa)

1. What do they line and what do they cover?

2. What layers does it consist of? (2) Where are these 2 layers located?

Sereous membrane (Serosa) lines body cavities and covers organs, and has 2 layers, parietal and visceral.

Parietal Serosa lines cavities

Visceral Serosa covers organs

In the Thoracic Cavity, what are the cavities, and what do they contain?

Within the Thoracic Cavity, is the _____, the ___ ____ filled with _____, ____, ____, an ______.

What does the lower portion of the Thoracic cavity contain?

Thoracic cavity (has right and left pleural cavities containing the lungs)

Mediastinum is the upper portion of Thoracic cavity filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus

Lower portion of Mediastinum of Thoracic cavity contains pericardial cavity where heart is

What are the layers and cavities of the heart? (3)

1. Visceral layer of Sereous Pericardium (closest to heart)

2. Pericardial cavity (Cavity around heart between Visceral and Parietal layer)

3. Parietal layer of Sereous pericardium (outside layer)

Identify the 4 stars

Identify the 5 stars

What are the walls of the Peritoneal Cavity lined by?

Walls of Perioneal cavity lined by Parietal Peritoneum, viscera that extend into it are covered with Visceral Perioneum, and both Visceral and parietal perioneum are continous

Visceral Peritoneum higher,

Parietal Peritneum is a bit lower

What’s Peritonitis?

IF of serosal surfaces on Intestines

What is Pericarditis?

Abdominopelvic cavity

What is the superior portion? Where is it located, and what does it contain?

What space does the AP cavity contain?

• where is it located, and what does it contain? (4)

In the AP cavity, what is the inferior portion?

• Where is it located relative to? (2)

• What does it contain? (3)

Abdominal cavity, superior portion.

• Goes from the diaphram to top of pelvic bones

• Contains digestive organs

Retroperitoneal space

• area posterior to peritoneum, anterior to muscular body wall

• contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, parts of digestive tract

Abdominopelvic cavity

Pelvic cavity - Inferior portion

• medial to pelvic bones

• contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

What’s Homeostasis?

What do systems respond to?

Body systems work together to maintain stable internal environment

Systems respond to int/ext changes to keep variables within normal ranges (body temp, fluid balance)

Homeostatic regulation

1. Whats Autoregulation?

2. Whats extrinsic regulation?

Autoregulation - Auto response in cell, tissue, or organ to env change

Extrinsic regulation - responses controlled by Nervous/Endocrine systems

What does a Homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of? (3)

(R, CC, E)

What does it Limit flucuations of?

(LFOICTKTCTSP)

Receptor - Recieves the Stimulus

Control center - Processes the signal and sends instructions

Effector - Carries out Instructions

Limits flucuations of internal conditions to keep them close to set point/desired value

What’s Negative Feedback? (3)

1. Response of _____ negates ____

2. Body brought back to ______

3. ____ _____ mantained.

1. Response of effector negates stim

2. Body brought back to Homeostasis

3. Normal range mantained

What is positive feedback? (4)

(Initial…

(Body is moved away from…

(Normal range…

(A positive feedback loop completes a ___ ____ quickly to res-establish _____)

1. Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies original change in conditions

2. Body is moved away from homeostasis

3. Normal range isn’t mantained

4. A positive feedback loop completes a dangerous process quickly to reestablish homeostasis

Initial stimulus prod. change that amplifies change in condition

Body moved away from HS

Normal range isnt mantained

PFBL completes dangerous process quickly to re-establish HS

Negative and Positive Feedback

1. What’s Systems integration?

2. Homeostasis is a a _______

a. ______ are in balance

b. _____ _______ - continal adaptation

3. What o physiaglocial systems do? What does failure result in?

Systems integration - Systems work together to mantain homeostasis

2. Homeostasis is a state of equalibrium

a. Opposing forces in balance

b. Dynamic equalibrium - continual adaptation

Physialogical systems - work to mantain balance, where failure results in disease