Grade 11 biology - The fungi, plants and Animals

Mycelium

A branched mass of hyphae

Hypha

A thin filament that makes up the body of a fungus

Chitin

A complex chemical found in the cell walls of fungi and in the external coverings of insects and crustaceans such as lobsters and crabs

dikaryotic

Containing two separate nuclei

Meiosis

A form of cell division on which a single cell gives rise to four haploid daughter cells

Charophyte

The common name for organisms in the order Charophyceae; green algae in the kingdom Protista

Cuticle

A waterproof, waxy coating produced by the epidermis of most plants

Stoma

A small opening on the epidermis of a plant that allows gas exchange

Bryophyte

A small seedless plant that lacks vascular tissue

Antheridium

The specialized structure on a gametophyte that produces sperm

Archegonium

The specialized structure on a gametophyte that produces eggs

Sporangium

The structure in which spores are produced

Gemma

A small clump of haploid photosynthetic cells produced in little cup-shaped structures on the gametophyte plant; dispersed by splashes of rain to grow into another gametophyte plant

Lignin

An important structural compound found in the vascular tissues of plants; it is responsible for the strength of wood

Lycophyte

A seedless vascular plant; club mosses are examples of lycophytes

Pterophyte

A seedless vascular plant; ferns are examples of pterophytes

Rhizome

A horizontal underground stem

Frond

A fern leaf; young curled fronds are often called “fiddleheads” because of their distinctive shape; some fiddleheads are edible, but many are toxic

Pollen

Small structures called “grains” that contain a microscopic haploid male gametophyte

Ovule

A small structure that contains a microscopic haploid female gametophyte

Seed

A plant structure containing an embryo and a food supply, surrounded by a protective outer covering called the seed coat

Gymnosperm

A vascular plant that produces seeds in special structures called cones; gymnosperms are a major plant group

Cone

In plants; the reproductive structure of a conifer; produce either pollen or ovules

Angiosperm

A plant that produces flowers; angiosperms form the largest groups of living plants

Flower

The specialized reproductive structure of an angiosperm; produces pollen and/or ovules

Fruit

Mature ovary of an angiosperm, which contains the seed(s)

Cotyledon

A structure in the seeds of flowering plants that stores nutrients

Radical symmetry

Symmetry around a central axis

Bilateral symmetry

Symmetry around a midline

Protostome

An animal with bilateral symmetry; during embryonic development, the mouth forms before the anus

Deuterostome

An animal with bilateral symmetry; during embryonic development, the anus forms before the mouth

Vertebrate

An animal with a backbone or a notochord

Notochord

A flexible rod found in some chordates; in most modern chordates it is replaced by vertebrae during embryonic development

Invertebrate

An animal that does not have a backbone; the great majority of animal species are invertebrates

Germ Layer

One of three layers that form during early embryonic development in most animals

Coelom

A body cavity present in some animals; contains that animals internal organs

Nematocyst

A capsule within specialized cells of cnidarians containing toxins that can be propelled toward attackers and prey, causing them to become paralyzed; also called a stinging cell

Amniotic egg

An egg with an outer leathery or hard shell and specialized internal membranes that protect and nourish the embryo

Key features of aganthans

-their skeletons are made of cartilage, they have no jaws, and a notochord is present in adults

-they have gill slits but no pair appendages

-Hagfish are scavengers

-Many lampreys are parasites of fish

-Lampreys have larval forms that are filter feeders

-There are marine and freshwater species

-About 60 species have been described

Major taxonomic groups within vertebrates

Agnathans (jawless fishes) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) actonoterygii (bony fishes) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptillia (reptiles and birds) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals)

Key features of Chondrichthyes

-Their skeletons are made of cartilage

-They have jaws, vertebrae, gill slits and paired appendages

-Their fins are often thick

-Many are predators of other fish

-Reproduction uses internal fertilization

-Most species are marine

-About 850 species have been described

Key features of Actinoterygii

-Their skeletons are bony

-Most have a swim bladder—a gas filled organ used to control buoyancy

-Their find are often membrane like either stiff “rays” for support

-most species use external fertilization

-there are marine and freshwater species

-About 24, 000 species have been described

Key features of amphibia

-Most have an aquatic larval stage with gills

-Adults are tetrapods—having four limbs adapted for moving on land

-Most species use external fertilization

-They breathe through their lungs and/or skin

-About 5000 species have been described

Key features of reptillia

-Most Are terrestrial tetrapods with dry scaly skin

-They breathe with lungs

-They use fertilization

-They have amniotic eggs with soft shells

-turtles lack teeth and have a bony shell. Aquatic species jabs webbed feet

-Turtles are the most distantly related group within the reptile Clade

-About 7300 species have been described

Key features of aves

-They are tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings

-most species are capable of flight

-They have feathers

-They are warm-blooded (endothermic)

-They have large brains and acute vision

-They use internal fertilization

-They lay hard-shelled amniotic eggs

-About 9700 species have been described

Key features of mammalia

-They are tetrapods and have hair

-They nurse their young with milk produced in mammary glands

-They are warm-blooded (endothermic)

-They have large brains and acute vision and sense of smell

-They use internal fertilization

-Most give birth to live young; a few species produce amniotic eggs

-About 4500 species have been described

The six major phyla of protostome animals

Arthropoda (arthropods) Nematoda (roundworms) Annelida (segmented worms) Mollusca (mollusks) Rotifera (rotifers) Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Key features of Arthropoda

-They have segmented bodies with jointed appendages

-They have complex sensory systems including antennae

-Their hard outer skeletons contain chitin

-They have highly variable body shapes

-They have complete digestive, excretory, and circulatory systems

-Their respiratory systems use gills or internal airways

-They range in size from 0.1 mm to 1m in length

-They are extremely diverse and play vital roles in all aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, often as the primary consumers

-Insects are the only invertebrates capable of flight

-About 1 100 000 species have been described (>75 classes)

Key features of Nematoda

-They have unsegmented cylindrical bodies with complete digestive tracts

-Many are important parasites of other animals

-Some females can produce more than 100 000 eggs each day

-They live in very large numbers in the soil and aquatic sediments

-They range in size from 2mm to 2m in length

-About 20 000 species have been described (2 classes)

Key features of annelida

-Their bodies and most of their internal organs are segmented

-They have complete digestive systems

-Gas is exchanged through the skin, gills, or other specialized body parts

-Most have bristles on their outer surface to hero with movement

-Manu are marine

-They range in size from 0.5mm to 3m in length

-About 14 000 species have been described (7 classes)

Key features of mollusca

-They have three main unsegmented body parts: a foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle that secretes a shell

-Almost all have specialized file-like radula used for scraping and boring

-They have complete digestive systems, circulatory systems, and gills

-They range in size from less than 1cm to 20m in length

-About 120 000 species have been described (8 classes)

Key features of rotifera

-They are small aquatic animals (less than 2 mm long)

-They use cilia to direct food into their mouths

-Most live in fresh water

-They have no respiratory or circulatory system

-They are very important consumers in many aquatic food webs

-About 1800 species have been described (3 classes)

Key features of platyhelminthes

-They are flattened unsegmented worms

-Most have a digestive cavity with a single opening

-They do not have coeloms

-They range in size from 1 mm to 5 m in length

-Many are important parasites of other animals

-They have no circulatory or respiratory system

-About 14 000 species have been described (4 classes)