Chapter 18 & 19 Review

What is the study of microorganisms called?

Microbiology.

Who is referred to as the 'Father of Microbiology'?

Louis Pasteur.

What major contribution did Louis Pasteur make to the wine industry?

He showed that spoiled wine contained acid-producing bacteria.

List the four major groups of microorganisms.

(1) Bacteria, (2) Protozoa, (3) Fungi, (4) Viruses.

What are the two additional groups of microorganisms besides the major four?

Rickettsia and algae.

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

(1) Spherical (cocci), (2) Rod (bacilli), (3) Spiral (spirochetes).

What is a rod-shaped bacterium called?

Bacillus.

What characterizes Gram-positive bacteria?

They hold the violet stain due to a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear when stained?

Pink to red.

What are bacteria that are not consistently stained classified as?

Gram variable.

What are aerobes?

Bacteria that require oxygen to grow.

What are anaerobes?

Bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen and are destroyed by oxygen.

What do some bacteria change into under harsh conditions for protection?

Spores.

What defines protozoa?

Single-cell organisms with a complex internal structure, either free-living or parasitic.

What do fungi lack?

Chlorophyll.

What is Candida?

A common yeast found in the oral cavity.

What causes oral candidiasis?

The yeast Candida albicans.

Where can viruses live and multiply?

Inside an appropriate host cell.

What are symptoms of viral hepatitis?

Tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, jaundice.

How long can HBV survive outside the body?

At least 7 days.

Is the HBV vaccine safe for pregnant women?

Yes.

What does HIV infection impact?

The body's immune system.

What does herpes simplex virus type 1 commonly cause?

Recurrent sores on the lips (cold sores).

What does HZV cause?

Chickenpox and herpes zoster (shingles).

Name three types of influenza.

(1) Seasonal flu, (2) H1N1 flu, (3) Pandemic flu.

What bacterium causes tuberculosis?

M. tuberculosis.

What characterizes the first stage of syphilis?

The presence of a painless ulcerating sore known as a chancre.

What are prions?

Small proteinaceous infectious particles.

List the components of the chain of infections.

(1) Number of microorganisms, (2) Virulence strength, (3) Susceptibility of the host, (4) Portal of entry.

What does virulence mean?

The degree of pathogenicity or strength of an organism to cause disease.

What qualifies as an infectious disease?

A communicable or contagious disease.

What does spatter consist of?

Larger droplet particles contaminated by blood, saliva, and debris.

What does parenteral transmission mean?

Transmission through the skin, such as cuts or punctures.

What occurs through needle stick injuries and human bites?

Parenteral transmission.

What is fecal-oral transmission most common among?

Healthcare and daycare workers (frequently change diapers).

What is a latent infection?

A persistent infection where symptoms come and go.

What is immunity?

The ability of the body to resist disease.

What is inherited immunity?

Immunity present at birth.

What is acquired immunity?

Immunity developed during a person’s lifetime.

How does acquired immunity occur?

Acquired immunity occurs naturally through exposure to pathogens or artificially via vaccinations.

Artificially acquired immunity

The body forms antibodies in response to the vaccine.

What is the purpose of Universal Precautions?

To treat every patient as if they are infected with a blood-borne disease.

What do Standard Precautions protect healthcare providers from?

Pathogens from blood and body fluids.

What surfaces do droplet infections affect?

Mucosal surfaces of the eyes, nose, and mouth.

What can waterborne organisms do in dental units?

Colonize the inside of dental unit waterlines and form biofilm.

What defines BBP?

An occupational exposure.

What does hand hygiene involve?

Handwashing, use of antiseptic hand rub, or surgical hand antisepsis.

What is the recommended duration for handwashing?

20-30 seconds.

In between patient wash?

10 seconds.

When should hands be washed according to hand hygiene guidelines?

Before putting on gloves and immediately after removing gloves.

What type of soap should be used during handwashing?

Liquid soap.

When are alcohol-based hand rubs not indicated?

If your hands are visibly soiled or contaminated with organic matter.

What is personal protective equipment (PPE) used for?

To protect against splash, spatter, aerosol, or contact with body fluids.

What is one example of PPE?

Protective clothing, surgical masks, face shields, protective eyewear, disposable gloves.

How should PPE be removed?

In reverse order of what is changed most frequently throughout the day.

What is the purpose of wearing a mask in dental settings?

To protect from inhaling infectious organisms spread by aerosol.

What filtration must an mask provide?

Between 3-5 μm and 95%.

What are the common types of gloves used in a dental office?

Medical examination gloves, overgloves, sterile gloves, utility gloves.

Vinyl or nitrile (latex-free) and are often referred to as “examination gloves” or “procedure gloves.

Medical examination gloves

Known as “food handler gloves,” are made of lightweight, inexpensive, clear plastic. 

Overgloves

What type of gloves are typically used for invasive procedures?

Sterile gloves.

What are utility gloves used for?

Cleaning and disinfecting treatment rooms, handling contaminated instruments.

What allergies can result from latex gloves?

Irritant dermatitis, Type I and Type IV allergies.