Anatomy Ch.2 & 3

Serous Membrane

a thin membrane that lines body cavities and covers organs. it secretes serous fluid to reduce friction

Peritoneum

Serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal peritoneum

lines the inside of the abdominal cavity wall

Visceral Peritoneum

wraps and covers abdominal organs

what is serous fluid

fluid within the serous membrane reducing friction when organs move during breathing and digestion

Greater Omentum

A mesentry (specialized peritoneal fold) under the ribcage midline on top of belly button

Mesentery

A double fold of the peritoneum that holds the intestines, and carries the blood vessels and nerves needed to hold structure

Pleura

serous membrane covering the lungs

pericardium

serous membrane covering the heart

peritoneum

serouns membrane covering abdominal organs

parietal layer

outer layer of serous membrane

visceral layer

serous membrane’s layer holding an organ

Organ system’s purpose:

To maintain homeostasis so cells have a stable internal environment and can survive.

interstital fluid and plasma: ____

body internal environments

How do cell shape and size affect function?

Cell structure is specialized for its job (structure determines function)

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

What are the functions of the plasma mebrane?

physical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradients, communication

what forms the plasma membrane barrier?

lipids

what is the role of proteins in the plasma membrane?

Transport, signaling, receptors, pumps, enzymes, and cell recognition

Integral proteins

proteins embedded in the phospholipid layer

peripheral proteins

Attached to EITHER the inside or the outside of the phospolipid layer (not through)

glycocalyx

A carbohydrate coat on the outside of the plasma membrane that helps with protection, cell adhesion and cell recognition (allowing right cells to be in right places)

Passive transport

no energy needeed; follows a concentration gradient

active transport

requires atp, can move against the concentration gradient; opposite direction from diffusion

What are the types of passive transportation?

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Ion Pump

A membrane protein that uses ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient (active transport).

endocytosis

Bringing materials into the cell; removes membrane from the plasma membrane.

exocytosis

Bulk transport of waste OUT of cell; fusion of membranes is active transport requiring energy

What types of transportation does exocytosis and endocytosis use?

active transportation

Apoptosis

Controls the contents of a dying cell with no inflammation

Necrosis

Swelling and explosion of waste contents due to lack of apoptosis

Necrosis

Swelling and explosion of waste contents due to lack of apoptosis

Passive transport

Diffusion mechanism to transport across the plasma membrane

Osmosis

Passive transport of water

Aquaporins

Rapid water movement during Osmosis

H2O

Small molecule; partial charge → slow movement

Transport Proteins

Regulate gradients which are used to power co-transport (controls selective permeability)

Covalent Bonds

Strongest and longest bonds(long lasting)

Coupled transport

Ion pump (1st protein) builds the Na+ gradient, 2ndary transport protein uses it to actively transport the amino acid

Primary active transport

The building of a Na+ gradient with an ion pump

Secondary Transport Protein

Using gradient (already built) to actively transport the amino acid, and passively diffuse the Na+ i concentration direction (primary active transport builds against the gradient

Microvilli

Maximize surface area to maximize rate of exchange

Gastrulation

Movement of cells from epiblast into the interior

Embryo builds extra amniotic membranes

Epiblast

An opening on the amnion; The ultimate embryo

Amnion

Extra embryonic membrane

Primitive streak

The opening from the invagination of epiblast cells

Invagination

cells move to middle and drop creating primitive streak and forming: 1st; endoderm, mesoderm, and what doesn’t go through the primitive streak becomes ectoderm.

What replaces the hypoblast?

The endoderm

Gastrulation - Trilaminar Embryo Test diagram

Do all three germinal layers move through the primitive streak?

No. The part that doesn’t go through it becomes the ectoderm

ectoderm makes up:

Nervous tissue and sensing organs, epidermis of skin and epidermal derivatives, pituitary gland, adrenal medulla, enamel of teeth, lens of eye, and some bones of skull

Endoderm makes up:

Epithelial lining of respiratory tract (GI, urinary tract, reproductive tract tympanic cavity, auditory tube, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, saltine tonsils, parathyroid glands, thymus

Mesoderm makes up:

Epithelial lining (vessels and serous membranes), muscle tissue, connective tissue, adrenal cortex, heart, kidneys, ureters, internal reproductive organs, spleen

Epithelium

A lot of cells right next to each other (identifiable by nucleus), with little extracellular matrix

Connective tissues

Few scattered cells (identifiable by nuclei) making fibers (tissue) with a lot of background extracellular matrix (space)

Muscle tissue

Composed of bunch of stripes (mostly) with scattered cells (identifiable by the scattered nuclei dark dots)

Nervous Tissue

Composed of neurons with a bunch of glia; bigger glial nuclei than other types; not a lot of nervous tissue compared to the big glial nuclei

What serous membrane covers most of the liver/stomach/intestines

Visceral peritoneum

Pleura

serous membrane covering lungs

Pericardium

serous membrane covering heart