Lesson 20: Basic Organs and structures in the abdominal and pelvic cavity

What forms the ventro-lateral border of the abdominal cavity?

Abdominal Muscles

What structures for the dorsal border of the pelvic cavity?

Sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

List the major organs in the pelvic cavity?

Bladder, colon, and repro

What is the functions of the abdominal wall and cavity?

Support and protect the abdominal viscera by creating and maintain pressure for the abdominal press.

What are major digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs in the left part of the abdominal cavity?

Liver

Stomach

Spleen

Left kidney

Small intestine

Bladder

What are the major digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs in the right part of the abdominal cavity?

Medial liver

Caudate lobe of the Liver

Renal Fossa

Right Kidney

Duodenum

Cecum

Small Intestine

Bladder

Which abdominal border consists of the diaphragm and costal arch?

The cranial border

The diaphragm allows the communication between what cavitys via the caval foramen, esophageal hiatus, and aortic hiatus?

The pleural and the abdominal cavity

Which abdominal border consists of the axial skeleton, mainly the thoraco-lumbar vertebra?

Doral border

Which abdominal border consists of the abdominal muscles?

Lateral and ventral border

Which abdominal border consists of the hip bones forming the pelvic inlet?

Caudal border

What lines abdominal cavity?

A serous membrane called peritoneum

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

The abdominal cavity

What does the visceral peritoneum line?

Abdominal organs

What are the four different abdominal muscles?

External abdominal

Internal abdominal

Rectus abdominis

Transversus abdominis

Which direction does the external abdominal muscles run?

Caudal-ventral

Which direction does Internal abdominal muscles run?

Cranial ventral

Which direction does the rectus abdominis muscles runs?

Cranial-Caudal

Which direction does the transversus abdominis run?

Dorsal-ventrally

Where does the the external abdominal oblique originate?

Costal arch

thoracolumbar fascia

Where does the internal abdominal oblique originate?

Tuber coxae

Thoracolumbar fascia

Where does the rectus abdominis muscle originate?

xiphoid region

Where does the transversus adbominis muscle originate?

Transverse process of lumbar vertebrae

Last ribs

Thoracolumbar fascia

Where does the external abdominal oblique insert?

Lina alba

Prepubic tendom

Where does the internal abdominal oblique insert?

Costal arch

Linea alba

prepubic tendon

Where does the Rectus abdominis muscle insert?

prepubic tendon on the pecten of the pubis

Where does the Transversus abdominis muscle insert?

Linea alba

Pre-pubic tendon

What is the Linea Alba?

White line along the ventral midline and long axis of the body, where the abdominal muscles join each other. Site for urgical incision to preform laprotomy or celiotomy.

What is the rectus sheath?

The wrapping around the rectus abdominis muscle to reenforce the abdominal wall and provide support for the heavy tissue.

What is the internal rectus sheath?

The tranversus abdominis forms the internal lamina of the sheath of the rectus abdominis m.

What is the rectus sheath?

The external abdominal oblique combined with the internal abdominal oblique

Why is it important to know the location of organs?

Surgery

Palptation

What are the four major arteries that supply the abdominal wall?

Cranial abdominal artery

Deep circumflex iliac artery

Cranial epigastric and cranial superficial epigastric artery

Caudal epigastric artery and caudal superfical epigastric

What is the artery that supplies blood to the cranio-dorsal quadrant?

Phrenico-abdominal artery (common artery)

What does the phrenico-abdominal artery branch off into?

Cranial abdominal and caudal phrenic arteries

What are the arteries that supply blood to the Caudo-dorsal quadrant?

Deep circumflex iliac/caudal abdominal artery

What is the arteries that supply blood to the cranio-ventral quadrant?

Internal thoracic artery

What does the internal thoracic artery branch into?

cranial epigastric and cranial superficial epigastric arteries

What are the arteries that supply blood to the caudo-ventral quadrant?

External iliac artery → Deep femoral → Caudal epigastric artery → Caudal superficial epigastric artery

What is the clinical anatomy significance of the caudal/caudal superficial epigastric arteries/veins?

Considered for ligation when pergorming mammary tumor removal, mammectomy

What are the nerves that supply the abdominal wall in the canine?

T13

L1

L2

L3

L4

What is the real name of the T13 nerve in the canine?

Cost-abdominal nerve

What is the real name of the L1 nerve in the canine?

Cranial Illiohypogastric nerve

What is the real name of the L2 nerve in the canine?

Caudal Iliohypogastric nerve

What is the real name of the L3 nerve in the canine?

Ilioinguinal nerve

What is the real name of the L4 nerve in the canine?

Lateral cutaneous femoral

What is the paralumbar fossa and where is it located?

The depression in the upper flank region ventral to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

What are the three boundaries of the paralumbar fossa?

Cranially: Last rib

Dorsally: Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

Caudally: Craniodorsal edge of the internal abdominal oblique

What the lateral part of the abdominal wall that is not protected by the rib cage, pelvis, or thigh?

Flank

What are the procedures that are done in the paralumbar fossa?

Rumenotomy

Auscultation of Rumen

Trocarization

Laparotomy

Cannulation

C-Section

What are the nerves that supply the paralumbar fossa in ruminants?

T13

L1

L2

L3

What is the real name of T13 in the ruminant?

Costo-abdominat

What is the real name of L1 in the ruminant?

iliohypogastric

What is the real name of L2 in the ruminant?

ilioinguinal

What is the real name of L3 in the ruminant?

genitofemoral

What is the Farquharson Method (alpha)?

Proximal paravertebral nerve block

What is the Magda’s Method (beta)?

Distal paravertebral nerve block

What are the three types of blocks in the paralumbar fossa?

Farquharson Method

Megda Method

Inverted L Block

What is the lateral boundary of the pelvic cavity?

The pelvic bones and broad sacrotuberous/sacrosciatic ligament

What is the ventral boundary of the pelvic cavity?

The pelvic symphysis, the floor of the pelvic canal. It extends between the pelvic inlet and outlet

What are the two regions of the pelvic cavity perineum?

The anal triangle

The Urogenital triangle

What are the dorsal border of the anal triangle?

Caudal vertebrae

What is the lateral border of the anal triangle?

deeper sacrosciatic ligament

What is the ventral border of the anal triangle?

Line between the ischiatic tuberosities/ deeper structure will be ischial arch

What are the dorsal borders of the urogenital triangle?

line between the ischiatic tubersities

what is the ventral border of the urogenital triangle?

Ventral commissure of the vulva

What is closing off the anal triangle?

Pelvic diaphragm

What is the muscles that make up a pelvic diaphragm?

The coccygeus muscle

The levator ani muscles

External and internal fascia

External anal sphincter

What is the depression cranially to the tail formed via the arrangement of pelvic diaphragm?

Ischiorectal fossa

What composes of the urogential diaphragm that closes off the urogenital triangle?

Perineal membrane

Retractor clitordis muscle

Constrictor vulvae muscle

Constrictor vestibuli muscles

What is the conditions associated with compromise of the anal or urogenital triangles?

Vaginal prolapse

Rectal Prolapse

Hernia

Assessing BCS by looking at the Ischiorectal fossa

What are the four compartments of the pelvic cavity?

Pararectal fossa

Rectogenital pouch

Vescicogenital pouch

Pubovescical pouch

Where is the pararectal fossa located?

The region dorsal to the rectum and ventral the sacral/caudal vertebrae

Where is the rectogenital pouch located?

Between the rectum dorsally and the reproductive organs ventrally

Where is the vesicogenital pouch located?

Between the reproductive organs dorsally and the bladder ventrally

Where is the Pubovesical pouch located?

Between the bladder dorsally and the pubis or ventral abdominal floor

What group of nerves are desensitized/blocked to perform a rumenotomy in a cow?

Ventral branches of the last thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves