WHAP Midterm Study

Xenophobia

Fear of foreigners. Japan remained isolated to avoid foreign influence.

Matthew Perry

U.S. commodore who threatened to open Japan to trade (1853) with military force.

Meiji Restoration

Period when Japan industrialized to modernize its economy and military.

Why industrialize?

Japan had no natural resources, so they needed modernization for self-sufficiency.

“Asia for Asians”

Japan becomes the imperializer, taking control of Southeast Asia to dominate Asia.

Christianity

Spread to America by missionaries but resisted in Japan.

Resistance in Japan

Christians were persecuted- e.g., some were burned alive.

Monotheism

Christianity is based on belief in one god.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers who conquered Mesoamerica (Mexico, Peru)

Atahualpa

Last Incan king, murdered by the Spanish (Pizzaro)

Cortez

Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico

Pizzaro

Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru

CAMM & PIP

Cortez-Aztec-Mexico-Montezuma, Pizzaro-Inca-Peru

Reasons for Conquest

Advanced European weapons

European diseases (smallpox)

Portugal

Took over Brazil with support of the Catholic church

Sugar Plantations

Large haciendas that relied on enslaved labor

Results

Brazil became wealthy and powerful

independence movements

Syncretism

Cultural blending occurred in religion, language, and traditions

End of Slavery

Eventually abolished as part of social and political reform

Ottoman Empire

Did not advance scientifically

Geocentric (earth-centered) views

Safavid Empire

Religiously tolerant and included diverse cultural groups

Industrialization

Multiple empires traded until industrialization began in Europe

Karl Marx

Criticized capitalism

Supported communism as an equal society

Adam Smith

Father of capitalism

Promoted competition and free markets

Africa

Berlin Conference: European countries divided Africa (“Scramble for Africa”)

China

Opium Wars: British forced opium trade

Boxer Rebellion: Anti-foreign uprising

Confucianism remained influential

India

Sepoy Mutiny: Indian soldiers rebelled against British rule

Nationalism rose but Hindus and Muslims struggled to unite

British Raj

Period of British colonial dominance in India

Ethiopia

Successfully resisted Italian conquest

Italy

Recently unified and dough “lebensraum” (living space) like Germany

Industrialization

Italy was weak during to lack of full industrialization

Xenophobia

Fear or distrust of foreigners

Hacienda

Large estate/ plantation often using forced labor

Syncretism

Blending of cultural and religious traditions

Monotheism

Belief in one god (Christianity, Islam)

Sepoy

Indian soldier serving under British command

Conquistador

Spanish conquerors in the New Worls

Africa

Imperial Power: European Nations

Resistance/ Impact: Berlin conference led to division; Ethiopia resisted Italy

China

Imperial power: Britain/ Foreign powers

Resistance/ Impact: Opium Wars; Boxer and Taiping Rebellions

India

Imperial Power: Britain

Resistance/ Impact: Sepoy Mutiny; Hindu and Muslim disunity