Elective 1: Dysphagia Lecture Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering anatomy, physiology, neural control, models of swallowing, and etiology of dysphagia based on lecture notes.

Anatomy of the Oral Cavity

The structural region comprising the teeth, hard palate, soft palate, retromolar trigone, tongue (front two-thirds), lips, gingiva (gum), uvula, tonsil, buccal mucosa, and floor of mouth.

Cheek and Lip Musculature

Facial muscles including the buccinator and orbicularis oris that control oral contents during mastication and swallowing.

Soft Palate Muscles (Anterior View)

Anterior structural arrangement showing the levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, and muscularis uvulae relative to the tongue and pterygoid hamulus.

Soft Palate Muscles (Posterior View)

Posterior anatomical view displaying the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, muscularis uvulae, palatine aponeurosis, pharyngotympanic tube, and pterygoid plates.

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles

Muscles that originate outside the tongue and insert into it (palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus), primarily controlling tongue position and movement.

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles

Muscles located entirely within the tongue (superior longitudinal, transverse, vertical, inferior longitudinal) that alter the shape of the tongue.

Pharyngeal Constrictors (Lateral View)

Lateral anatomical view of the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors along with the stylopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus muscles.

Divisions of the Pharynx

Anatomical division of the pharyngeal space into three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Pharyngeal Constrictors (Posterior View)

Posterior view showing the thyropharyngeus, cricopharyngeus, and the intervening Killian's dehiscence region.

Innervation of the Pharynx Diagram

Anatomical chart outlining the sensory and motor nerve distributions supplying the pharyngeal constrictor and longitudinal muscle groups.

Muscles Involved in Laryngeal Elevation Diagram

Anterior neck muscular diagram depicting the suprahyoid group (digastric anterior/posterior bellies, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid) responsible for elevating the hyolaryngeal complex.

Glottis Diagram

Anatomical illustration showing the vocal folds, rima glottidis space, and surrounding intrinsic laryngeal sphincter musculature.

Epiglottis Anatomy Diagram

Posterior view showing the leaf-like/heart-shaped epiglottic cartilage positioned above the laryngeal inlet.

Oral Phase of Swallowing Diagram

Five-step visual sequence illustrating food entry, preparation, bolus formation, anterior-to-posterior transport, and bolus arrival at the oropharynx.

Esophageal Phase of Swallowing Diagram

Five-step visual sequence detailing bolus entry, primary peristalsis wave, bolus propulsion, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation, and peristalsis termination.

Process Model Stage 1 Diagram

Illustration of Stage 1 Transport showing initial food ingestion into the mouth followed by lateral rotation onto post-canine teeth.

Process Model Stage 2 Diagram

Illustration showing Stage 2 Transport, bolus propulsion through the fauces, and bolus accumulation in the valleculae prior to pharyngeal swallow trigger.

Bolus Transport in the Esophagus Diagram

Detailed diagram demonstrating primary peristaltic wave progression, sphincter dynamics at UES/LES, and gravity assistance during the esophageal stage.

The Patient's Medical Chart Categories

Overview of key medical record components including Medical History (H&P), Laboratory Tests (BMP, CBC), and Diagnostic Tests (ECG, Echo, Ultrasound, CT, MRI, X-ray).

Swallowing

A physiologic function involving coordinated muscle contractions that propel food and liquids from the oral cavity to the stomach.

Number of Muscles in Swallowing

Over $30$ paired muscles.

Traditional Three-Phase Model

The standard swallowing framework consisting of the Oral Phase, Pharyngeal Phase, and Esophageal Phase.

Oral Preparatory Phase

The sub-phase of swallowing that begins when solid or liquid food enters the oral cavity to be manipulated and formed into a bolus.

Oral Propulsive Phase

The sub-phase of swallowing that begins when the bolus is propelled along the palate by the tongue towards the oropharynx.

Oral Cavity

The space between the upper and lower dental arches where bolus formation occurs.

Orbicularis Oris Origin

Maxilla and mandible.

Orbicularis Oris Insertion

Inserts around the lips/mouth.

Orbicularis Oris Function

Controls entrance into and exit from the oral cavity, allowing the lips to close, purse, and compress.

Lips

Structures surrounding the mouth that form a sphincter through the orbicularis oris muscle.

Lips External Covering

Specialized skin.

Lips Internal Lining

Mucous membrane.

Lips Innervation

Buccal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII).

Lips Contents

Superior and inferior labial muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.

Cheeks

Lateral walls of the oral cavity continuous with the lips, covered externally by skin and internally by mucous membrane.

Cheeks Contents

Buccinator muscle and buccal fat pads superficial to the buccinator.

Buccinator Muscle Origin

Posterior maxilla and mandible.

Buccinator Muscle Insertion

Blends with the orbicularis oris muscle.

Buccinator Muscle Function

Compresses the cheek and holds food between the teeth during mastication and swallowing.

Buccinator Muscle Innervation

Buccal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII).

Hard Palate

Forms the anterior $2/3$ of the palate; a bony, concave roof of the oral cavity covered by mucous membrane.

Soft Palate

Forms the posterior $1/3$ of the palate; a mobile fibromuscular fold separating the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx.

Uvula

A structure hanging from the free, curved margin of the soft palate.

Fauces

The space between the oral cavity and the pharynx.

Number of Soft Palate Muscles

$5$ muscles.

Origin of Soft Palate Muscles

Originate from the base of the skull and descend to the palate.

Levator Veli Palatini Origin

Petrous part of the temporal bone and cartilaginous portion of the pharyngotympanic (auditory/Eustachian) tube.

Levator Veli Palatini Insertion

Middle portion of the palatine aponeurosis.

Levator Veli Palatini Action

Elevates the soft palate, moving it upward and backward during swallowing.

Tensor Veli Palatini Origin

Scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate, spine of the sphenoid bone, and cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube.

Tensor Veli Palatini Insertion

Pterygoid hamulus and palatine aponeurosis.

Tensor Veli Palatini Action

Tenses the soft palate and opens the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing.

Palatopharyngeus Origin (Soft Palate)

Hard palate.

Palatopharyngeus Action (Soft Palate)

Elevates the pharynx and larynx during the pharyngeal phase, and depresses the soft palate at the end of the oral phase.

Palatopharyngeal Arches

Paired ridges of mucous membrane on lateral pharyngeal walls (posterior faucial pillars) marking the boundary between oral cavity and oropharynx.

Key Soft Palate Swallowing Sequence

Levator veli palatini pulls soft palate up and backward; palatopharyngeus brings/depresses soft palate downward at the end of the oral phase.

Palatoglossus Insertion (Soft Palate)

Posterolateral tongue.

Palatoglossus Action (Soft Palate)

Elevates posterior tongue, draws soft palate toward tongue, and narrows the diameter of the oropharyngeal isthmus.

Palatoglossal Arches

Paired ridges of mucous membrane also known as the anterior faucial pillars.

Musculus Uvulae Origin

Posterior nasal spine of the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis.

Musculus Uvulae Insertion

Connective tissue of the uvula.

Musculus Uvulae Action

Shortens the uvula and pulls the uvula superiorly during swallowing.

General Soft Palate Innervation

Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).

Tensor Veli Palatini Innervation Exception

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3).

Tongue

Mobile muscular structure located partly in the oral cavity and oropharynx, covered by mucous membrane.

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles Definition

Muscles that primarily control the position and movement of the tongue.

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles Definition

Muscles located entirely within the tongue with no external attachments that alter tongue shape.

Palatoglossus Extrinsic Origin

Inferior surface of the palatine aponeurosis.

Palatoglossus Extrinsic Function

Elevates the posterior tongue and draws the soft palate onto the tongue.

Styloglossus Origin

Apex of the styloid process, adjacent to origin of stylomandibular ligament.

Styloglossus Insertion

Merges with the hyoglossus and inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue.

Styloglossus Function

Elevates and retracts the tongue.

Hyoglossus Description

Thin, quadrilateral muscle in the upper neck and floor of the mouth.

Hyoglossus Origin

Hyoid bone, entire length of the greater cornu, and front of the body of the hyoid.

Hyoglossus Insertion

Side of the tongue, between styloglossus laterally and inferior longitudinal muscle medially.

Hyoglossus Function

Depresses and retracts the tongue.

Genioglossus Description

Fan-shaped extrinsic muscle that makes up much of the bulk of the tongue.

Genioglossus Origin

Superior mental spine of the symphysis menti (posterior surface of midline mandible).

Genioglossus Insertion

Entire tongue mass and body of the hyoid bone.

Genioglossus Function

Depresses and retracts the tongue.

Superior Longitudinal Origin

Submucosal connective tissue of the posterior tongue.

Superior Longitudinal Insertion

Submucosal connective tissue and mucosa along the tongue margins.

Superior Longitudinal Function

Curls the apex and lateral sides upward; works with inferior longitudinal to shorten and retract protruding tongue.

Inferior Longitudinal Origin

Root of the tongue and hyoid bone.

Inferior Longitudinal Insertion

Apex of the tongue.

Inferior Longitudinal Function

Curls the apex and lateral sides downward; works with superior longitudinal to shorten/retract protruding tongue.

Transverse Intrinsic Muscle Origin

Median septum of the tongue.

Transverse Intrinsic Muscle Insertion

Submucosal fibrous layer of the lateral tongue margins.

Transverse Intrinsic Muscle Function

Elongates and protrudes the tongue.

Verticalis Intrinsic Muscle Origin

Submucosal connective tissue on the dorsum of the tongue.

Verticalis Intrinsic Muscle Insertion

Connective tissue in the ventral regions of the tongue.

Verticalis Intrinsic Muscle Function

Flattens and broadens the tongue.

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) Tongue Rule

Innervates all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except Palatoglossus.

Palatoglossus Tongue Innervation Exception

Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).

Pharynx

A muscular tube-shaped passageway located behind the nose and mouth serving as a shared pathway for air and food.

Pharyngeal Wall Layers

Internal longitudinal muscles and external longitudinal/constrictor muscles.

Pharynx Boundaries

Extends from cranial base to inferior border of cricoid cartilage anteriorly and C6 vertebra posteriorly.

Nasopharynx Span

From posterior of nose to superior of soft palate.

Oropharynx Span

From soft palate to hyoid bone.

Laryngopharynx Position

Posterior to the larynx.

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Origin

Pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid line, transverse muscle of tongue.