Leisure and Deviance: Historical Perspectives and Modern Implications

These flashcards cover various aspects of leisure, deviance, and historical contexts discussed throughout the course, providing a comprehensive review for exams.

What are Neanderthals?

Human relatives who lived in Eurasia and Africa, known for cave art and maybe the earliest drawings.

What characterized leisure in Ancient Egypt?

Leisure was important, with family games and musical instrument participation.

What is the role of leisure in ancient China?

It was central to Confucianism, emphasizing harmony with nature, others, and self.

List the three types of harmony in ancient China.

Harmony with nature, others, and self.

What is harmony with nature?

The belief that humans are part of nature and its beauty nurtures human beings.

Describe harmony with others.

A sense of collectivism and community.

What does harmony with self entail?

A peaceful balance between body, action, and rest.

How did Ancient Greeks view leisure?

Leisure was associated with the good life and good actions developing mind and body.

What did Plato believe about leisure in ancient Greece?

Leisure should develop a person through education, philosophy, music, and gymnastics.

How did Aristotle view leisure?

He emphasized a life of contemplation.

What does the ideal leisure represented by Schole include?

Reading, thinking, discussing, mathematics, and sports.

Leisure Ideal

a force that can make us honorable and can ignoble us by making right choices

What were the Olympic Games?

Athletic contests among city-state representatives, starting in 776 BC. Became a political tool to assume state dominance.

What role did priests play in ancient leisure?

They offered sacrifices for victory in competitions.

How did the ancient Roman Empire view leisure?

It differed from Greece, emphasizing mass leisure and entertainment for social control.

What are Ludi?

Public games in ancient Rome.

Contrast leisure in ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

Greece pursued the good life (eudaimonia) while Rome pursued a pleasant life (hedonia).

What characterized leisure in Muhammad’s early empire?

Relaxation was emphasized, accessible mainly to wealthy Muslims.

What is one notable aspect of leisure in the Mayan civilization?

They created organized sports, notably the hip-ball game.

What characterizes leisure in medieval Europe?

It was influenced by feudalism and hierarchical social systems.

Feudalism in Europe

a hierarchical system in which the upper class “protected” those in lower class in exchange for labour and military service

Define work ethic.

A cultural norm that values hard work and self-deprivation.

What defined leisure during the Industrial Revolution?

It created a distinction between work and leisure for the lower and middle classes. Became a break from work, aka Gilded Age.

What was the Playground Movement?

An initiative to provide children with safe places to play away from the streets.

Culture

The distinct ways the people in different social groups live; the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features pf a society or group.

Characteristics of Culture

Shared, learned, integrated, symbols, dynamic.

Shared

Culture is a set of shared ideas & standards of behaviour held in common

Subculture

a smaller culture within a dominant culture, often having a distinctive set of traditions and behaviours against the dominant culture

Learned

learning and passing down culture by living it. Can happen formally and informally.

Integrated

all aspects of culture are interrelated and changes in one influence another aspect. eg. the cold war leading to the end of soviet hockey

Symbols

cultural understanding requires symbols, and culture is expressed via symbols. something that means or stands for something else.

Dynamic

culture does not stay the same, it changes gradually or dramatically

Innovation

an introduction of new practice, tool or principe that gains widespread acceptance

Diffusion

Spread or borrowing of customs or practices from one culture to another. eg. Mcdonalds in other countries

Types of diffusion

Expansion, relocation, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus.

Expansion Diffusion

innovation or idea that develops in a source area and remains strong there while also spreading to other areas.

Relocation Diffusion

an idea or innovation that migrates into new areas and ,leaving behind its origin, eg. Amish, left EU roots to go to North America

Hierarchical Diffusion

An idea or innovation that spreads by moving from larger to smaller spaces and often influenced by social elites, eg. french luxury brands, labubus

Contagious Diffusion

An idea or innovation that spreads based on person-to-person contact within a population with no regard to hierarchies. Eg. viral media, influencer status has no effect.

Stimulus Diffusion

An idea or innovation that spreads on its attachment to another concept. Eg. Siberian reindeer, siberia saw domesticated animals like horses and saw that they would rather domesticate reindeer.

Cultural Loss

Change resulting in the loss of a cultural tradition

Acculturation

Changes in a cultural group as a result of contact with another cultural group.

Types of Acculturation

Assimilation, integration, marginalization, separation

Assimilation

When a culture diminishes or decreases the significance of their culture of origin and instead interact primarily with the other culture

Integration

When a culture shows an interest in maintaining the original culture and in learning and participating in the other culture

Marginalization

When a culture shows little involvement in maintaining the culture origin or in learning about the other culture

Separation

When a culture wishes to hold on to the original culture and avoids interacting or learning about the other culture

Material Culture

Artifacts that humans use to survive, define social relationships or facets of identity, or that could benefit their state of mind, social, or economic standing

Development

the extent to which the resources of a group into full productivity

GDP (Traditional)

Gross Domestic Product

GNH

Gross National Happiness

Post Modernism

Breakdown of old certainties and standards, a direct critique of modernism

What is technology in the context of leisure?

Innovations applying scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

What is information technology?

Inventions related to computing and telecommunications.

Describe the premechanical phase of IT.

The earliest age involving language, document storage, and numbering systems.

What occurred during the mechanical phase of IT?

Emergence of devices designed to automate calculations. Eg. pascaline

What defines the digital phase of IT?

The current technology age featuring fiber optics and AI.

How has technology increased leisure efficiency?

It allows quicker enjoyment of pastimes, e.g., Facetime and Zoom.

What does accessibility of leisure via technology mean?

Tech allows easier access to previously difficult leisure activities.

What role does technology play in safety during leisure activities?

Tech has made it safer through devices like helmets and health monitors.

What are the ethical implications of technology use?

Concerns about privacy, job displacement, and environmental impact.

What are the privacy and security issues related to technology?

Risks of personal data breaches and identity theft.

What is job displacement in the context of technology?

Automation replacing human jobs through robotics and AI.

What environmental concerns arise from technology?

Creation of electronic waste and depletion of non-renewable resources.

What is inequity in technology access?

Not everyone has equal access to technology, affecting social inclusion and education.

Describe the potential misuse of technology.

Misuse by individuals, corporations, or governments can cause harm.

What are physiological and psychological side effects of technology?

Reduced physical activity, digital addiction, and social isolation.

What future trends might influence leisure technology?

Quantum internet, AI hyperautomation, virtual reality, and extended longevity.

What does Moore's Law predict?

Technology doubles in capability roughly every two years with stable pricing.

Define geography.

The study of locations on the Earth's surface and the reasons behind them.

Give an example of leisure as space.

National parks in Canada.

What is density in geographic context?

The frequency of occurrences in a given space.

What does concentration in space refer to?

The extent of a feature's spread over an area.

What is meant by pattern in space?

The geometric arrangement of objects in a space. Eg. abstract and organized trail line will attract bikers

Define crowding in space.

A subjective view of an excessive number of objects in a space. Eg. congestion, lines, strict rules

What factors influence perceived crowding?

Visitor characteristics, environmental nature, and social interactions.

Explain distance decay.

Visitation likelihood decreases as distance from an attraction increases.

What is time space compression?

Economic growth and advancements change perceptions of space and time.

How do our senses develop our sense of place?

Through visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and olfactory experiences.

What are Kate McLean’s Smellscapes?

Maps of cities based on their smells that evoke memories.

Define virtual geography.

Web-based or computer-generated representations of real-world geography.

What does place attachment mean?

The emotional bond between a person and a particular place.

Define place identity.

How individuals identify themselves based on a specific place.

What is place dependence?

Functional association between a person and a place.

Explain the concept of third place.

Public spaces for informal, voluntary gatherings.

What is neutral ground in the context of third spaces?

Places people can freely enter and exit without host roles.

What are levelers in third spaces?

A characteristic where that space has no membership requirements or status barriers; doesn’t consider a person’s social and economic status.

Describe conversation as an activity in third places.

Main activity, fostering community and engagement.

What makes a third place accessible and accommodating?

Long operating hours and welcoming environments.

What is the significance of regulars in third places?

These visitors contribute character and community identity.

How do low profiles characterize third places?

They are plain and unpretentious, fostering inclusivity.

What is a playful atmosphere in a third place?

An environment that is light-hearted, fun, and accepting.

Define home away from home in leisure contexts.

A place where one feels warmth, belonging, and ownership.

What factors affect place dependence?

Quality of the place, alternatives available, and cultural significance.

What is a taboo?

A prohibition, ban or avoidance based on societal beliefs about what is excessively repulsive, offensive or sacred.

Define deviance in social context.

Behaviors that deviate from established social norms.

What are the types of deviance?

Formal, informal, playful, and prole.

Describe formal deviance.

Behaviors that violate recognized formal norms, such as laws. e.g., doping.

What is informal deviance?

Behaviors breaking informal cultural norms, such as excessive celebrations.

Define playful deviance.

Improper yet entertaining behaviors in certain social contexts.