Unit 2 Intro to Non-Western Music Quiz - The Middle East

Diaspora

The migration or displacement of a people from their ancestral homelalnd

Middle Eastern Countries

Saudi Arabia egypt israel turkey jordan syria lebanon iraq

Central Asia

Iran

North Africa

Libya algeria Tunisia Morocco

Iberian Peninsula

Spain Portugal

What Middle Eastern Country is known for the practice of Judaism

Israel

Islam was begun by…

Mohammed in the early 7th century

Mohammed dies in 632 CE, and Islam is divided into two sects

Sunni and Shia

Sunni led by

Abu Bakar follower of mohammed

Shiawas led by…

mohammeds nephew ali

The Quran

The lessons of Mohammed from Allah via the angel Gabriel

The Five Pillars of Islam

1. There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his prohpet

2. prayer five times daily

3. almsgiving to the needy

4. self purification through fasting during the month of Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to Mecca once in their life

Islamic Perception of music and musicians

It is forbidden for the content and performance of songs to clash with the teachings of islam

islam’s admiration of science and amateru practices promote a view of non-offensive music as an intellectual pursuit

Sunni

Majority sect

found throughout the world

Shia

very similar beliefs as the sunni

mainly found in Iran, and parts of iraq and syria

sufi

Mystic sect that believes in the use of music, instruments and dance in religion

General Chaacteristics of Middle Eastern Music

elaborate melodies and melismas

improvisation based on basic tones/melodies

monophonic/heterophonic texture

rythms based on beat patterns

variety of scales

use of microtones

Tar

Forerunner of the guitar

two resonators

commonly has at least 5 strings

predecessor of the sitar

Saz forerunner of the guitar

single resonator

plucked

no frets

3 or 4 strings

Instruments Brought during crusades (early 12th-14th centuries)

Ud, Zurna, Rabab

Ud

short necked plucked string instrument

fretless

predecessor of the renaissance era lute

zurna

predecessor of the modern oboe

double reed instrument

used for folk music, janissary band

loud abrasive sound

rabab

bowed string instrument

held upright

from one to four strings

Zithers

Qanun, santur, ney, kamanjah

Qanun

plucked

50-100 strings

Santur

persian instrument

played with hammers

moveable bridges

Ney

end blown flute

soft breathy sound

six finger holes, one thumb hole

used in middle east art and folk music

Kamanjah

from persia (iran)

bowed fiddle

held upright 1-4 strings

no frets

Instruments introduced to the west in the 17th. C

Davul

Naqqarah

Davul

from turkey

large cylyndrical double headed bass drum

attached to a shoulder strap

played with alternate sized sticks

often paired w/ zurna for dance, professional music

Naqqarah

ketle drums

played in connected pairs

tuned to different pitches

evolved to western timpani

Musical Transference

Instruments with roots in the Middle East carried to other cultures through the spread of Islam

8th century Musical Transference

Saz/Tar into guitar

Crusades Musical Transference

ud into lute

zurna into oboe

rabab into violin

siege of Vienna musical transference

davul into bass drum

naqqara into timpani

Typical Instruments of Janissary Bands

zurna

percussion (naqqarah, davul, cymbals)

Musical style (Musiqi)

secular composed metric instrumental ensemble, heerophonic texture

khandan (musical style)

sacred

improvised

non metric

vocal

solo

monophonic

Maqam (Melodic modes:scales)

arabic musical scale

dstgah

improvisation

the creation of music based on set forms and previous examples

taqism

improvised form found in arabic and turkish music based on short melodic phrases

ava

improvised form found in iran

non metric

vocal or instrumental

center of persian classical performance

Radif

persian music repertoir

250-300 pieces

memorized

used as a basis for improvisation