A&P Exam 1

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Last updated 5:47 PM on 9/6/26
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60 Terms

1
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Matter:

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

<p>Anything that has mass and occupies space.</p>
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Element:

A fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

<p>A fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.</p>
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4 major elements in the human body are…

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen.

<p>Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen. </p>
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Most abundant element in the human body is…

Oxygen

<p>Oxygen</p>
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Atom:

Smallest unit of an element that retains its properties

<p>Smallest unit of an element that retains its properties</p>
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Proton:

Positive (+) particle in nucleus

<p><strong>Positive (+)</strong> particle in nucleus</p>
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Neutron:

Neutral (0) particle in nucleus

<p><strong>Neutral (0)</strong> particle in nucleus</p>
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Electron:

Negative (−) particle surrounding nucleus

<p><strong>Negative (−)</strong> particle surrounding nucleus</p>
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Atomic number:

Number of protons

<p>Number of <strong>protons</strong></p>
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Mass number:

Protons + neutrons

<p>Protons + neutrons</p>
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Isotope:

Same element with a different number of neutrons

<p>Same element with a different number of <strong>neutrons</strong></p>
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Electron shell:

Region surrounding nucleus containing electrons

<p>Region surrounding nucleus containing electrons</p>
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Valence shell:

Outermost electron shell

<p>Outermost electron shell</p>
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First electron shell holds...

2 electrons

<p>2 electrons</p>
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Subsequent shells hold...

8 electrons

<p>8 electrons</p>
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What makes an atom stable?

A full valence shell

<p>A <strong>full valence shell</strong></p>
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Na has atomic #11. Electron arrangement?

2–8–1

<p>2–8–1</p>
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Oxygen has atomic #8. Electron arrangement?

2–6

<p>2–6</p>
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Molecule:

Two or more atoms chemically bonded

<p>Two or more atoms chemically bonded</p>
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Compound:

Substance containing atoms of two or more different elements

<p>Substance containing atoms of <strong>two or more different elements</strong></p>
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Is O₂ a molecule?

Yes, but not a compound

<p><strong>Yes</strong>, but not a compound</p>
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Is CO₂ a molecule and compound?

Yes to both

<p>Yes to both</p>
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Ion:

Atom/molecule with an electrical charge from gaining or losing electrons

<p>Atom/molecule with an electrical charge from gaining or losing electrons</p>
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Cation:

Positive (+) ion

<p><strong>Positive (+)</strong> ion</p>
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Anion:

Negative (−) ion

<p><strong>Negative (−)</strong> ion</p>
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Losing electrons produces...

Cation (+)

<p>Cation (+)</p>
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Gaining electrons produces...

Anion (−)

<p>Anion (−)</p>
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Ionic bond:

Attraction between oppositely charged ions after electrons are transferred

<p>Attraction between oppositely charged ions after electrons are transferred</p>
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Covalent bond:

Atoms share electrons

<p>Atoms <strong>share electrons</strong></p>
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Nonpolar covalent:

Equal sharing of electrons

<p><strong>Equal</strong> sharing of electrons</p>
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Polar covalent:

Unequal sharing of electrons

<p><strong>Unequal</strong> sharing of electrons</p>
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Hydrogen bond:

Weak attraction involving a slightly positive H and another negatively charged atom

<p>Weak attraction involving a slightly positive H and another negatively charged atom</p>
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Example of hydrogen bonding

Attraction between water molecules

<p>Attraction between <strong>water molecules</strong></p>
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Electrolytes:

Charged particles/ions in solution

<p>Charged particles/ions in solution</p>
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Metabolism:

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

<p>Sum of all chemical reactions in the body</p>
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Kinetic energy is …

Energy of motion

<p>Energy of <strong>motion</strong></p>
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Potential energy is…

Stored energy

<p><strong>Stored</strong> energy</p>
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Chemical energy:

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

<p>Potential energy stored in chemical bonds</p>
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Reactant:

Substance present at beginning of reaction

<p>Substance present at <strong>beginning</strong> of reaction</p>
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Product:

Substance formed by a reaction

<p>Substance formed by a reaction</p>
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Synthesis reaction:

Smaller substances combine → larger product

<p>Smaller substances <strong>combine → larger product</strong></p>
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Decomposition reaction:

Larger substance breaks → smaller products

<p>Larger substance <strong>breaks → smaller products</strong></p>
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Exchange reaction:

Parts of molecules are exchanged

<p>Parts of molecules are exchanged</p>
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Dehydration synthesis:

Molecules join together and water is removed/produced

<p>Molecules join together and <strong>water is removed/produced</strong></p>
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Hydrolysis:

Water is added to break a molecule apart

<p><strong>Water is added</strong> to break a molecule apart</p>
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Building block of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

<p>Monosaccharides</p>
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Components of triglycerides:

Glycerol + fatty acids

<p>Glycerol + fatty acids</p>
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Building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

<p>Amino acids</p>
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Building blocks of nucleic acids are…

Nucleotides

<p>Nucleotides</p>
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Inorganic compound:

Generally lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds; examples include water and salts

<p>Generally lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds; examples include water and salts</p>
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Organic compound:

Generally contains carbon and hydrogen

<p>Generally contains carbon and hydrogen</p>
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Why is water a lubricant?

Reduces friction between structures

<p>Reduces friction between structures</p>
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Water as a heat sink:

Absorbs/releases heat and helps stabilize temperature

<p>Absorbs/releases heat and helps stabilize temperature</p>
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Water as universal solvent…

Dissolves many substances

<p>Dissolves many substances</p>
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Water in chemical reactions…

Participates in reactions such as hydrolysis

<p>Participates in reactions such as hydrolysis</p>
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Mixture:

Two or more substances physically combined

<p>Two or more substances physically combined</p>
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Solution:

Homogeneous mixture

<p>Homogeneous mixture</p>
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Solute:

Substance being dissolved

<p>Substance being <strong>dissolved</strong></p>
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Solvent:

Substance doing the dissolving

<p>Substance doing the <strong>dissolving</strong></p>
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