PRAY FOR ME

Vocabulary flashcards covering the anatomy of the head and neck region.

Foramen Rotundum

Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)

Foramen Ovale

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3), accessory meningeal artery, and lesser petrosal nerve

Foramen Spinosum

Middle meningeal artery and vein, meningeal branch of V3

Lacrimal canal

Nasolacrimal duct, which drains tears from the eye into the inferior nasal meatus

Jugular foramen

Internal jugular vein

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

CN X (vagus)

CN XI (accessory)

Foramen Magnum

Spinal cord

Vertebral arteries

Spinal root of accessory nerve (CN XI)

Meninges

Medulla Oblongata

Nasal Conchae on Ethmoid Bone

Superior and middle nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone; the inferior nasal concha is its own bone

Falx cerebri

Between cerebral hemispheres (longitudinal fissure)

Falx cerebelli

Between cerebellar hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli

Between occipital lobes and cerebellum (horizontal)

Diaphragma sellae

Covers the pituitary gland within the sella turcica

Dural Venous Sinuses Location

Located between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater

Dural Venous Sinuses Contents

Venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (via arachnoid granulations)

Dural Venous Sinuses Drainage

Drain into internal jugular veins

Unpaired Dural Venous Sinuses

Superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, occipital

Paired Dural Venous Sinuses

Transverse, sigmoid, cavernous, superior and inferior petrosal

Commissural fibers

Connect the two hemispheres (e.g., corpus callosum)

Association fibers

Connect areas within the same hemisphere

Projection fibers

Connect the cortex to lower brain regions or the spinal cord

Caudate nucleus

Involved in motor coordination and learning

Putamen

Regulates movement and influences learning

Globus pallidus

Helps control and regulate voluntary movement

Superior colliculi

Control reflexive eye movements and visual tracking

Inferior colliculi

Control auditory reflexes and process sound localization

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Connects cerebellum to midbrain; carries cerebellar output to cortex

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Connects cerebellum to pons; carries input from cerebral cortex

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Connects cerebellum to medulla; carries sensory input from spinal cord and brainstem

Cisterns Origin

Enlarged areas of the subarachnoid space

Cisterns Contents

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), some contain cranial nerves

Cisterna magna (cerebellomedullary)

Between cerebellum and medulla

Interpeduncular cistern

Between cerebral peduncles

Pontine cistern

Anterior to the pons

Lumbar cistern

Below conus medullaris (L2–S2); site for lumbar puncture

Arteries from Internal Carotid Artery

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Arteries from Vertebral Artery

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) via basilar artery

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

Frontalis Muscle

Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

Orbicularis oculi Muscle

Closes eyelids

Orbicularis oris Muscle

Closes and protrudes lips (kissing, speaking)

Buccinator Muscle

Compresses cheek (chewing, blowing)

Zygomaticus major/minor Muscles

Elevate upper lip and corners of mouth (smiling)

Platysma Muscle

Tenses neck, depresses mandible

Occipitalis Muscle

Retracts scalp

V1 (Ophthalmic) Cutaneous Nerves

Supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, external nasal

V2 (Maxillary) Cutaneous Nerves

Infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal

V3 (Mandibular) Cutaneous Nerves

Auriculotemporal, buccal, mental

Lateral rectus Nerve

CN VI (Abducens)

Superior oblique Nerve

CN IV (Trochlear)

Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique Nerves

CN III (Oculomotor)

Masseter Muscle

Elevates mandible (closes jaw)

Temporalis Muscle

Elevates and retracts mandible

Medial pterygoid Muscle

Elevates and protrudes mandible; side-to-side movement

Lateral pterygoid Muscle

Depresses and protrudes mandible; side-to-side movement

Maxillary Artery 1st Part (Mandibular) Branches

Deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, inferior alveolar

Maxillary Artery 2nd Part (Pterygoid) Branches

Masseteric, deep temporal, pterygoid branches, buccal

Maxillary Artery 3rd Part (Pterygopalatine) Branches

Posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, sphenopalatine, artery of the pterygoid canal

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Located entirely within the tongue; change shape of tongue (curling, flattening)

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Originate outside the tongue and insert into it; move tongue position (protrusion, retraction, elevation, depression)

Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

Bones Containing Paranasal Sinuses

Frontal bone – frontal sinus

Ethmoid bone – ethmoid air cells

Sphenoid bone – sphenoidal sinus

Maxilla – maxillary sinus

Mixed Cranial Nerves

CN V (Trigeminal)

CN VII (Facial)

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

CN X (Vagus)

Location of Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia

Most superficial deep fascia; encircles entire neck

Contents of Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia

Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), submandibular gland, parotid gland

Location of Pretracheal Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia

Anterior neck; deep to investing fascia

Contents of Pretracheal Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia

Thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus, infrahyoid muscles

Location of Prevertebral Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia

Surrounds vertebral column and deep neck muscles

Contents of Prevertebral Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia

Cervical vertebrae, scalene muscles, longus colli and capitis

Structures in the Carotid Sheath

Common carotid artery (or internal carotid artery above bifurcation),

Internal jugular vein

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Deep cervical lymph nodes

Part of ansa cervicalis

Unilateral Contraction of SCM

Rotates head to opposite side and tilts it toward same side

Bilateral Contraction of SCM

Flexes neck, extends head, assists in forced inspiration

Innervation of SCM

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

Submental Triangle Contents

Submental lymph nodes, small veins forming anterior jugular vein

Submandibular Triangle Contents

Submandibular gland

Facial artery and vein

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Submandibular lymph nodes

Carotid Triangle Contents

Common carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Carotid body and sinus

Deep cervical lymph nodes

Muscular Triangle Contents

Infrahyoid muscles (strap muscles)

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Larynx

Trachea

Location of Internal Jugular Vein

In carotid sheath, lateral to common carotid

Drainage of Internal Jugular Vein

Brain, face, and neck

Termination of Internal Jugular Vein

Joins subclavian vein → brachiocephalic

Branches of Internal Jugular Vein in Neck

No named branches in neck

Location of External Jugular Vein

Superficial to sternocleidomastoid

Drainage of External Jugular Vein

Scalp and lateral face

Termination of External Jugular Vein

Empties into subclavian vein

Branches of External Jugular Vein

Receives posterior auricular and retromandibular veins

Function of Posterior Auricular Vein

Drains scalp behind ear

Drainage of Posterior Auricular Vein

Joins retromandibular → external jugular

Location of Anterior Jugular Vein

In anterior midline of neck

Drainage of Anterior Jugular Vein

Drains anterior neck

Termination of Anterior Jugular Vein

Drains into external jugular vein

Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx – Suprahyoid Group

Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Stylohyoid, Digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)

Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx – Infrahyoid Group

Sternohyoid, Omohyoid (superior and inferior bellies), Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid

Functions of the Suprahyoid Muscles

Elevate hyoid bone during swallowing and speaking

Assist in opening the jaw

Support the floor of the mouth

Functions of the Infrahyoid Muscles

Depress the hyoid bone and larynx after swallowing

Stabilize the hyoid bone for tongue and laryngeal movements

Thyrohyoid may elevate larynx when hyoid is fixed

Location of Common Carotid Artery

In carotid sheath, lateral to trachea and esophagus

Branches of Common Carotid Artery

Bifurcates at ~C3–C4 into internal and external carotid arteries

Location of Internal Carotid Artery

Deep and posterior to external carotid; continues into skull via carotid canal

Branches of Internal Carotid Artery

No branches in the neck; gives rise to ophthalmic artery, anterior and middle cerebral arteries inside the skull

Location of External Carotid Artery

Anterior and medial to internal carotid

Branches of External Carotid Artery

Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, maxillary, superficial temporal, ascending pharyngeal, posterior auricular

Location of Carotid Sinus

Dilated base of the internal carotid artery near bifurcation

Function of Carotid Sinus

Baroreceptor — detects changes in blood pressure