Chapter 3 Flashcards

3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2

Cephalocaudal Pattern

fetal development from the head down

Proximodistal Pattern

fetal development from the body center outward to the extremities

Germinal Stage

0-2 weeks, conception to implantation, blastocyst implants, cell specialization occurs from the blastocyst

Embryonic Stage

2-8 weeks, neural tube develops, foundations of all body systems and organs form and begin to function

Neural Tube

eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

Fetal Stage

end of week 8 until birth

Neuronal Proliferation

weeks 10-18, increased number of neurons

Brain Development

week 3, specialized cells of the nervous system begin to develop

Synapse Formation

weeks 10-15, allows for fetal behaviors (e.g. yawning), provides many opportunities for neurons to communicate, move, align

Neural Migration

weeks 13-21, neurons move to parts of the brain they will reside in, pruning occurs

Neuron Pruning

the removal of neuron connections that are no longer used and dubbed not needed, helps improve signaling efficiency

Teratogens

cause damage to embryo or fetus

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

can occur if a mother drinks large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy, results in the child potentially having shorter stature, smaller brains, heart defects, hearing loss, facial differences, milk intellectual disability

What are the two patterns of prenatal development?

cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth

What common structures are formed when the cells in a blastocyst differentiate? Describe what each structure does

placenta, umbilical cord, yolk sac, amnion

transfer nutrients between mother and fetus, develop blood cells, protection for the fetus

Describe how the fetus grows over the course of development in terms of weight and size and some physiological changes that occur during this time

from ¼ oz to 7 lb and 1 in. to 20 in. on average

organ systems are refined for full function and fat is deposited under the skin

When are babies viable/full term?

viable at 24 weeks, full term at week 37

When does the neural tube develop into the brain?

around week 4

Why does life function decrease later in life?

synapses and neurons are not working as well

Describe the relationship between the fetus and stimulus recognition and how this reflects towards recognition at birth

can differentiate between familiar and novel stimulus by 32-33 weeks, can remember prenatal stimuli as newborns and react accordingly

What movements are 5-10 week old fetuses capable of? What function allows for this?

twitches, move limbs and head, from neuronal proliferation

What movements are 10-20 week old fetuses capable of? What function allows for this?

yawns, breathing, sucking, walking, and swallowing movements, sleep cycles, from neuronal migration

What movements are 20-30 week old fetuses capable of? What function allows for this?

pain reactions, blink reflex, respond to sound, form synapse formation, growth, and myelination

When do most adverse effects occur during pregnancy due to teratogens? What two characteristics matter for the development of adverse effects

during the first 8 weeks, duration and intensity

Give some examples of teratogens that can cause adverse effects

prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, illegal drugs, tobacco, alcohol

What are the effects of tobacco use during pregnancy?

lower birth weight, learning problems, antisocial behavior

When can Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder occur?

can occur pre-implantation and from heavy consumption