Liberalism Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts, thinkers, and distinctions within liberalism to help students prepare for exams.

What are the two main branches of liberalism?

Classical liberalism and modern liberalism.

What is the foundational belief of classical liberalism regarding government?

Government should be based on the consent of the governed according to a social contract.

Who is associated with the idea of negative freedom?

Classical liberals like John Locke and John Stuart Mill.

What does modern liberalism argue regarding the role of the state?

Modern liberalism advocates for an increased role of the state in ensuring equality of opportunity and social justice.

What key idea did John Rawls introduce regarding the state?

The concept of an enabling state that helps individuals reach their potential.

What is the harm principle articulated by J.S. Mill?

The state is justified in interfering with individual freedom only to prevent harm to others.

What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue about women?

Women should enjoy full civil liberties and have equal rights as men.

What is the difference between egoistical individualism and developmental individualism?

Egoistical individualism focuses on self-interest and independence, whereas developmental individualism advocates for state assistance in personal development.

What is laissez-faire economics according to classical liberals?

The belief that economic growth is best achieved with minimal government intervention.

What does modern liberalism suggest about positive freedom?

Positive freedom involves state action to assist individuals in achieving their full potential.

Who are some key thinkers associated with modern liberalism?

John Stuart Mill (later writings), John Rawls, and Betty Friedan.

What is the concept of formal equality in modern liberalism?

The belief that all individuals are entitled to equal treatment before the law.

What is the significance of the social contract theory in liberalism?

It establishes the legitimacy of government based on the consent of the governed.

What role does tolerance play in liberal thought?

Tolerance promotes acceptance of diverse beliefs and opinions in society.

What do liberals argue regarding taxation?

Classical liberals see it as an infringement on freedom, while modern liberals view it as necessary for achieving social justice.

What were the democratic ideals held by classical liberals regarding voting rights?

They preferred limited suffrage and representative democracy to avoid the tyranny of the majority.

What principle did John Locke assert about natural rights?

Natural rights must be protected and cannot be infringed upon by the state.

What is Keynesian economics and its association with modern liberalism?

A system of economic management advocating state intervention to stabilize the economy and promote employment.