AP World History Unit 3

Land Based Empire

An empire that gets its power from its control over land territory

• Centralized government control

• Extensive road networks

• Diverse cultural influences

• Military conquests

• Economic prosperity

Ottoman Empire

• Capital: Istanbul

• Duration: 1299-1922

• Sultans: Osman I, Mehmed II, Suleiman the Magnificent

• Millet system: Religious autonomy

• Janissaries: Elite infantry

• Decline: Military defeats, internal strife

Safavid Empire

• Founded in 1501 in Persia

• Shia Islam as state religion

• Capital at Isfahan

• Known for intricate art and architecture

• Conflict with Ottomans and Mughals

Mughal Empire

• Founder: Babur

• Capital: Agra, Delhi

• Akbar the Great: Religious tolerance, centralized administration

• Taj Mahal: Built by Shah Jahan

• Decline: Aurangzeb's reign, British colonization

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, religious autonomy

Safavid, Shia Islam

Mughal, most prosperous empire, tolerance

Qing Dynasty

Manchu took over Ming people

• Emperor Kangxi: Longest-reigning emperor

• Opium Wars: Led to Qing's decline

• Civil Service Exam: Used to select officials

• Manchu: Ethnic group ruling Qing

• Forbidden City: Imperial palace in Beijing

Safavid and Mughal conflicts

• Safavid and Mughal conflicts:

  • Safavid Empire (Persia) vs. Mughal Empire (India)

  • Fought over control of Kandahar and Qandahar

  • Religious differences: Safavids Shia, Mughals Sunni

  • Battle of Kandahar (1638) pivotal

  • Led to shifting power dynamics in the region

Bureaucracy in Gunpowder Empires

• Centralized administrative system

• Hierarchical structure

• Bureaucrats appointed based on merit

• Tax collection and distribution

• Management of military and civil affairs

Devshirme

• Purpose: Recruit Christian boys for Ottoman Empire

• Process: Select boys aged 8-20, convert to Islam, educate

• Roles: Janissaries (elite soldiers), bureaucrats, advisors

• Impact: Strengthened Ottoman military, cultural diversity

• Abolished: 17th-18th centuries

Divine Right

• Definition: Monarch's authority from God

• Justification for Absolutism

• Popular in Europe during 16th-18th centuries

• Opposed by constitutional monarchies

• Used to consolidate power and suppress dissent

• Originated in medieval Europe

• Used to justify absolute monarchy

• Opposed by Enlightenment philosophers

• Led to conflicts like the English Civil War

Zamindar

• Definition: Landlords in Mughal India

• Role: Collect taxes, maintain order

• Decline: British colonial rule

• Impact: Social and economic changes

• System: Revenue collection, land grants

Ottoman Tax Farming

• Tax farming: Privatization of tax collection

• Tax farmers: Wealthy individuals or groups

• System used in Ottoman Empire

• Farmers paid lump sum to government

• Collected taxes from population

• Profited by collecting more than paid

• Led to exploitation and corruption