Studied by 6 people
Land Based Empire
An empire that gets its power from its control over land territory
Centralized government control
Extensive road networks
Diverse cultural influences
Military conquests
Economic prosperity
Ottoman Empire
Capital: Istanbul
Duration: 1299-1922
Sultans: Osman I, Mehmed II, Suleiman the Magnificent
Millet system: Religious autonomy
Janissaries: Elite infantry
Decline: Military defeats, internal strife
Safavid Empire
Founded in 1501 in Persia
Shia Islam as state religion
Capital at Isfahan
Known for intricate art and architecture
Conflict with Ottomans and Mughals
Mughal Empire
Founder: Babur
Capital: Agra, Delhi
Akbar the Great: Religious tolerance, centralized administration
Taj Mahal: Built by Shah Jahan
Decline: Aurangzeb's reign, British colonization
Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman, religious autonomy
Safavid, Shia Islam
Mughal, most prosperous empire, tolerance
Qing Dynasty
Manchu took over Ming people
Emperor Kangxi: Longest-reigning emperor
Opium Wars: Led to Qing's decline
Civil Service Exam: Used to select officials
Manchu: Ethnic group ruling Qing
Forbidden City: Imperial palace in Beijing
Safavid and Mughal conflicts
Safavid and Mughal conflicts:
Safavid Empire (Persia) vs. Mughal Empire (India)
Fought over control of Kandahar and Qandahar
Religious differences: Safavids Shia, Mughals Sunni
Battle of Kandahar (1638) pivotal
Led to shifting power dynamics in the region
Bureaucracy in Gunpowder Empires
Centralized administrative system
Hierarchical structure
Bureaucrats appointed based on merit
Tax collection and distribution
Management of military and civil affairs
Devshirme
Purpose: Recruit Christian boys for Ottoman Empire
Process: Select boys aged 8-20, convert to Islam, educate
Roles: Janissaries (elite soldiers), bureaucrats, advisors
Impact: Strengthened Ottoman military, cultural diversity
Abolished: 17th-18th centuries
Divine Right
Definition: Monarch's authority from God
Justification for Absolutism
Popular in Europe during 16th-18th centuries
Opposed by constitutional monarchies
Used to consolidate power and suppress dissent
Originated in medieval Europe
Used to justify absolute monarchy
Opposed by Enlightenment philosophers
Led to conflicts like the English Civil War
Zamindar
Definition: Landlords in Mughal India
Role: Collect taxes, maintain order
Decline: British colonial rule
Impact: Social and economic changes
System: Revenue collection, land grants
Ottoman Tax Farming
Tax farming: Privatization of tax collection
Tax farmers: Wealthy individuals or groups
System used in Ottoman Empire
Farmers paid lump sum to government
Collected taxes from population
Profited by collecting more than paid
Led to exploitation and corruption
Note 
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