Animal Nutrition Lecture Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering fundamental terms, classifications, vitamins, minerals, feedstuffs, and energy partitioning concepts from the Animal Nutrition lecture.

Nutrition

All the processes whereby food and oxygen are presented to and utilized by living cells, and wastes are eliminated.

Animal Nutrition

The study and process of nutrition in animals, excluding humans.

Food

Edible material that, after ingestion by an animal, can be digested, absorbed, and utilized.

Monogastric Digestive System

A simple stomach digestive system with a non-functional cecum, found in animals such as dogs, cats, minks, pigs, and catfish.

Carnivores

Flesh-eating animals with a short, simple digestive tract, high gluconeogenic enzyme activity, and dietary requirements for nutrients found primarily in animal tissues.

Herbivores

Vegetarian animals with long, large, and complex digestive tracts capable of efficiently utilizing fibrous plant feeds.

Granivores

Grain feeders, such as birds, that consume feed consisting largely of plant seeds or grains, possess no teeth, and have a specialized gastrointestinal tract to digest grains.

Pregastric Fermenters

Foregut fermenters, such as ruminants, in which the predominant site of microbial fermentation precedes the gastric pouch (stomach) and small intestine.

Hindgut Fermenters

Non-ruminant herbivores, such as horses, rabbits, elephants, and rhinoceroses, in which the predominant site of microbial fermentation follows the small intestine.

Nutrient

An elemental or compound component of food that can be utilized by animals for reproduction, growth, and maintenance of life processes.

Glucose

An aldose hexose sugar that serves as the most important sugar in animal nutrition.

Fructose

The only important ketose in nature and the sweetest carbohydrate, making up 75\text{\textpercent} of the sugar found in honey.

Lignin

A non-carbohydrate polymer closely associated with carbohydrates, originating from phenylpropane derivatives including coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol.

Crude Protein

The total nitrogenous content of a feed (calculated as true protein plus non-protein nitrogen), based on the assumption that proteins contain 16\text{\textpercent} nitrogen.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids required by the animal that cannot be synthesized fast enough to meet body requirements and must be supplied in the diet (e.g., Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Methionine, Arginine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine).

Limiting Amino Acid (LAA)

The essential amino acid present in a protein in the lowest amount relative to the animal's specific requirement for that amino acid.

Biological Value

The percentage of digestible protein from a feedstuff that is usable by the animal's body.

By-pass Protein

Dietary proteins that pass through the rumen without being acted upon or degraded by microbial fermentation.

Avidin

A constituent of raw egg whites that binds to biotin, inhibiting its absorption and causing an anti-vitamin H effect.

Black Tongue

A characteristic deficiency symptom of Niacin (Vitamin B3) observed in dogs.

Goose-stepping

A distinctive gait abnormality in pigs caused by a deficiency in Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5).

Curled Toe Paralysis

A Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency symptom in poultry where the toes curl inward due to neuromalacia.

Macrominerals

Essential inorganic elements required by animals in large amounts, expressed as a percentage of the diet ($Ca$, $P$, $K$, $Na$, $Cl$, $S$, $Mg$).

Microminerals

Essential inorganic elements required by animals in very minute amounts, expressed in $\text{ppm}$ or $\text{mg/kg}$ ($Co$, $Fe$, $Cu$, $I$, $Mn$, $Mo$, $Se$, $Zn$, $Fl$, $Ni$, $Cr$).

Parakeratosis

A Zinc deficiency condition in swine characterized by scaly skin lesions.

Swayback

A condition in newborn kids, lambs, and calves caused by Copper deficiency, also referred to as enzootic ataxia.

Grass Tetany

A metabolic disorder in ruminants associated with Magnesium deficiency, also known as grass stagger or wheat poisoning.

Concentrates

Feeds containing less than 20\text{\textpercent} crude fiber and more than 60\text{\textpercent} Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) on an air-dry basis.

Roughage

Feeds containing more than 20\text{\textpercent} crude fiber and less than 60\text{\textpercent} Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) on an air-dry basis.

Gross Energy (GE)

The total potential energy content of a feed sample, measured using a bomb calorimeter under laboratory conditions.

Digestible Energy (DE)

The energy remaining after subtracting fecal energy ($FE$) from gross energy ($DE = GE - FE$).

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

The energy available after deducting urinary energy ($UE$) and gaseous energy ($GsE$) from digestible energy ($ME = DE - UE - GsE$).

Net Energy (NE)

The energy available for animal maintenance and production after deducting heat increment ($HI$) from metabolizable energy ($NE = ME - HI$).

Proximate Analysis

A nutrient partitioning scheme developed by Henneberg and Stohman in Germany that separates feed components using dry ignition in a muffle furnace set at $550^\text{o}\text{C}$.

Ensiling

A processing method where finely chopped forage is stored in an airtight silo to undergo acid fermentation that prevents spoilage.