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55 Terms
1
Which of the following is NOT an electron carrier?
Pyruvate
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2
Why is oxygen deprivation harmful to the human body?
No oxygen means electrons cannot be removed in the ETC, reducing ATP production.
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3
What ion channel causes a membrane voltage of +40 mV?
Voltage-gated Na+ channel
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4
What defines integral membrane proteins?
They have hydrophobic domains that anchor them in the membrane.
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5
What proteins form beta-barrel pores in membranes?
All of the above (OmpA, OMPLA, Porin, FepA)
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6
What is the primary role of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) in the ETC?
Transfers electrons between Complex I/II and Complex III.
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7
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis?
All of the above (ATP production, glucose breakdown, metabolic intermediates)
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8
From which parent is mitochondrial DNA inherited?
Mother
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9
In the ETC, does electron potential energy increase or decrease?
Decrease; Complex I
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10
What is the correct plasma membrane composition?
Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates
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11
What is NOT a function of cholesterol?
Acts as a primary energy source
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12
What is glucose converted into during glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate
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13
What process creates the most ATP?
Electron Transport Chain
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14
What enzyme controls the commitment step of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
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15
Which statement about glycolysis is true?
Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
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16
During strenuous exercise, when oxygen is low, what process allows ATP production to continue, and what is its effect on muscles?
Lactic fermentation; it converts pyruvate into lactic acid via lactate dehydrogenase, regenerating NAD⁺ for glycolysis but leading to muscle acidity and fatigue.
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17
When does fermentation occur in cells?
In the absence of oxygen
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18
Which fatty acid increases membrane fluidity and how?
Unsaturated fatty acids; their double bonds create "kinks" in hydrocarbon chains, increasing fluidity.
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19
What is the role of cholesterol in membrane fluidity?
It makes the membrane less fluid at high temperatures and more fluid at low temperatures.
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20
Which of the following statements about cholesterol is correct?
Cholesterol makes the bilayer less fluid at high temperatures and more fluid at low temperatures.
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21
Which enzyme is NOT used in glycolysis?
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
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22
What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
To generate a proton gradient that powers ATP synthesis.
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23
Which of these is a type of cell membrane channel?
Voltage-Gated, Ligand-Gated, Mechano-Gated, and Light-Gated Channels.
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24
What is the process by which ATP is formed using electrons from substrate oxidation?
Oxidative phosphorylation
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25
What is the strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria?
Mitochondria have a double membrane and their own circular genome.
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26
What processes continue glycolysis under anaerobic and aerobic conditions?
Fermentation (anaerobic), Lactic Acid Synthesis (anaerobic), and the TCA Cycle/ETC (aerobic).
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27
Which of the following is NOT involved in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
Glycoprotein
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28
A solution with lower solute concentration than a cell's interior is called:
Hypotonic
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29
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
It is a part of the cytoskeleton.
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30
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
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31
Which of the following best describes the primary role of enzymes in biological systems?
Enzymes act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
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32
How wide are membranes?
5-10 nm
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33
Which of the following statements about TM (transmembrane) domains is correct?
Eukaryotes primarily have alpha helix-based TM domains, while prokaryotes can have both alpha helix and beta sheet TM domains.
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34
Which of these are functions of the membrane?
Compartmentalization, scaffolding, selectively permeable barrier, and cell-cell communication.
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35
Which of the following statements about integrins is correct?
Integrins integrate the extracellular matrix (ECM) with the intracellular environment.
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36
Which of the following factors affects membrane fluidity?
The presence of unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and temperature fluctuations.
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37
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from high to low concentration, while osmosis is the movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
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38
Which component of the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for its selective permeability?
Phospholipids
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39
What is a key function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
It makes the bilayer more fluid at low temperatures and less fluid at high temperatures.
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40
Which of the following is a major protein component of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Collagen
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41
What is the best definition of passive diffusion?
The movement of molecules across a membrane without the need for energy, from high to low concentration.
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42
How does the ΔF508 mutation affect the CFTR protein in cystic fibrosis?
It disrupts transport by preventing the misfolded protein from reaching the outer membrane.
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43
Aquaporins facilitate the movement of what?
Water molecules
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44
During glycolysis, which reaction is responsible for the first ATP-generating step?
The conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase.
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45
What type of enzyme removes a phosphate group?
Phosphatase
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46
Which of the following statements best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
The membrane is a dynamic structure where lipids and proteins move laterally within the bilayer.
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47
Which macromolecule consists of mobile globular units within the lipid bilayer?
Proteins
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48
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?
Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP in the process.
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49
Which of the following is true about passive transport?
It moves molecules from high to low concentration, does not require ATP, can involve transport proteins, and includes diffusion and osmosis.
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50
Which of the following is an example of active transport in action potential?
Calcium (Ca²⁺) being pumped back into the presynaptic neuron after neurotransmitter release.
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51
During glycolysis, what is the first ATP-generating reaction?
The conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase.
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52
What is the role of kinase enzymes?
To add a phosphate group.
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53
Which of the following is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration?
Oxygen
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54
What is the primary purpose of aquaporins?
To transport water molecules efficiently through cell membranes.
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55
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
It provides structural support and biochemical signaling to cells.
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