Comprehensive Exam-Anatomy and Physiology 2 (BIOS 252)-Chamberlain University

Osteogenic cells

stem cells

Osteoblasts

building cells that produce matrix

Osteocytes

mature bone cells that maintain bone. Found in Lacunae

Osteoclasts

function in reabsorbing and recycling old or injured bone tissue

Glial cells (neuroglia)

supportive cells that surround neurons and make up most of the nervous tissue, provide nutrients to neurons, regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons, perform phagocytosis, help repair nervous tissue, act as the “housekeepers” of the nervous system, provide insulation of neuronal axons, which plays a role in conduction velocity of electrical impulses

Astrocytes

star-shaped; provide nutrients to the neurons, maintain their extracellular environment, and provide structural support

Ependymal cells

produce cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the neuron

Microglia

immune cells; scavenge pathogens and dead cell

Oligodendrocytes

form the myelin sheath around axons

Schwann cells

small glia that surrounds neurons’ sensory ganglia in the ANS. NOT FOUND IN THE CNS

Satellite cells

stem cells in adult skeletal muscle and are responsible for muscle growth

Synarthrosis: Functional Classifications

no movement

Amphiarthrosis

some movement

Diarthrosis

freely moveable

Bony Joints/ Synostosis

no movement

Fibrous Joints/Synarthrosis

bound by collagen fibers

1. Sutures, gomphoses & syndesmose

Cartilaginous Joints/Amphiarthrosis:

allowed limited movement

1. Synchondroses & symphyses

Synovial Joints/ Diarthrosis

most complex freely moveable joint with specialized structures

1. Uniaxial

2. Pivot

3. Biaxial

4. Condylar

5. Triplanar

6. Ball & Socket

Mitosis Phases

a. Prophase

b. Metaphase

c. Anaphase

d. Telophase

# OF CHROMOSOMES

a. 23 chromosomes in sex cells (gametes)

b. 46 chromosomes in somatic cells.

i. 23 chromosome pairs

Myelin Sheath

a. Insulating layer that form around nerves.

b. Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath

c. Functions:

i. Speed up electrical impulses to transmit quickly

RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)

a. Linking psychological states to physiological states

b. Controls sleep and waking and fight-or-flight responses

c. Complex bundle of nerves in the brain that is responsible for regulating

wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions

Agonist

muscle that causes the action

Antagonist

muscle going against the action

Synergist

muscle that helps cause the action

Fixator

muscle assisting in holding the rest of the body in place while the action

occurs

Medial rectus

is an extraocular muscle that attaches to the side of the eye near

the nose

Isotonic Muscle

An isotonic contraction is one in which the muscle maintains the same tension as

it shortens.

An isometric contraction is where there is no change in the length of the muscle

Muscle Action

a. Action: the movement produced by the contraction of a muscle

b.Origin: the attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone (the bone that is not

actively moving during a particular action)

c. Insertion: the attachment of the muscle to the moving bone or ski

LAYERS OF THE SKIN (DEEP TO SUPERFICIAL)

Backwards: Come, let’s get sun burnt.

b. Stratum Basale

c. Stratum Spinosum

d. Stratum Granulosum

e. Stratum Lucidium (thick skin only)

f. Stratum Corneium

Sweat Glands

coiled tubular structures vital for regulating human body temperature. Humans have three different types of sweat glands: eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous

Hydrogen Ions are a measure of…

PH (7 is neutral)

Coronal (front plane)

separates the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body.

Sagittal plane:

separates the left and right sides of the body.

Transverse (axial plane)

separates the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves of the bod

Mitochondria

Provides energy

Organelle

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell

Agonist muscle

is a muscle that contracts to provide the main force to move or rotate a bone through its joint

biceps brachii (during elbow flexion), hamstring (during knee flexion), and tibialis anterior (during dorsiflexion)

Antagonist

muscle is a muscle that produces the opposite action of an agonist

• Biceps and triceps.

• Gluteus maximum and hip flexors.

• Hamstrings and quadriceps.

• Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi.

• Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior.

• Abductor and adductor.

Insertion

is the attachment of a muscle on the more moveable bone.

Origin

an attachment site that connects the muscle to a bone. This point is typically proximal to the body and does not move during contraction.

Eccentric contraction

the muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater than the force the muscle is producing.

Concentric contraction

a type of muscle contraction in which the muscles shorten while generating force, overcoming resistance.

Action Potential

A Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action Potential Travels Along the Nerves to the Muscles.

Muscle contraction begins when the nervous system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called an action potential, travels through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.

Sarcomere

the basic contractile unit of a myocyte (muscle fibre). A sarcomere is composed of two main protein filaments (thin actin and thick myosin filaments), functional contractile unit

Glands and tissue types

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Glands: exocrine and endocrine. The key difference between the two types is that, whereas exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface, endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream

Chromosomes

each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total chromosomes)

Skeletal System

The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals

Summation of post synaptic potential of different location of different membranes

Spatial summation

Powerstroke

The myosin head moves toward the M line, pulling the actin along with it. As the actin is pulled, the filaments move approximately 10 nm toward the M line. This movement is called the power stroke, as it is the step at which force is produced.

EPSP

has a reversal potential more positive than the action potential threshold,

IPSP

has a reversal potential more negative than threshold

Resting Potential

-70mV

What increases chemical reactions?

Catalytic and temperature

What muscle lifts eyes?

Frontalis

Deltoid

Abduction

Epidermis

is the thin, outer layer of the skin that is visible to the eye and works to provide protection to the body.

Reticular activating system

wakes you up and puts you to sleep

Osteoclasts

dissolve old and damaged bone tissue so it can be replaced with new, healthier cells created by osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

form new bones and add growth to existing bone tissue