BI 222 Topic 5: Plant Anatomy

What is this structure of?

a monocot embryo

What is this structure of?

a monocot venation

What is this structure of?

a monocot stem

Fibrous roots are usually

For monocot plants, not as big and deep and what is why the size of these plants are limited.

Tap roots are usually

For dicot plants, long and run deep into the soil allowing for most plants to grow much taller without falling over.

What is this structure of?

monocot fibrous roots

What is this structure of?

The flowers of a monocot

Monocot flower are usually found in sets of?

3

Dicot flowers are usually found in sets of?

4-5

What is this structure of?

Dicot embryo

What is this structure of?

Dicot venation

What is this structure of?

dicot stems

The vascular bundles of monocots are usually?

complexly arranged

The vascular bundles of dicots are usually?

arranged in a ring

What is this structure of?

Dicot root

What is this structure of?

a dicot flower

Nodes

Leaf attachment

where things pop off the plant, or where lateral branches shoot from

Internode

stem region between nodesP

Petiole

attaches leaf to stem

Axillary buds

growth of new lateral branches/flowers

-typically dormant unless under correct conditions

Where are plant cells produces?

In zones of division at the meristem, but this is not where they grow!

How do plants grow?

By elongating cells that are already present from division at meristem.

Apical meristem

the region of cell division

What are the three types of permanent Tissue?

Ground, Dermal, and Vascular

Ground tissue makes up the ____ of the plant

bulk

What does ground tissue do?

Serves as a site for photosynthesis, proves a supporting matrix for vascular tissue, and helps store water and sugar (Openstax chapter 30.1)

What does dermal tissue do?

Covers and protects the plant (Openstax chapter 30.1)

What does vascular tissue do?

Transports water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant (Openstax chapter 30.1)

Parenchyma cells are a form of _____ cells.

a form of ground cell

Mesophyll are considered _____ cells for what?

Ground cells for

pith/cortex - photosynthesis

roots/shoots - starch storage

Collenchyma cells are considered ______ cells. That are what?

Ground cells for

creating slightly thicker secondary cell walls for strength

Example of collenchyma cells

celery strings!

Sclerenchyma are considered _____ cells, and do what?

Ground cells,

Act as thick and rigid secondary cells

Fiber cells- support and protect vascular tissue

sclereids - for support and protect

What is an example of a sclerid?

The gritty texture of pears.

What type of permanent tissue is the epidermis? What types are there?

Dermal

Includes root hairs, guard cells, and waxy cuticle

What type of permanent tissue is the waxy cuticle? What does it to?

Excreted by the epidermis that is a form of dermal tissue, it keeps water in.

What type of permanent tissue are guard cells? What do they do?

Dermal

Make stomata, openings in the leaf that let in CO2 and out O2 (and H2O unfortunately)

What type of permanent tissue are root hairs? What do they do?

Dermal

tiny branches that increase surface area for water intake.

palisade mesophyll

structurally arranged to maximize space and number of chloroplasts

spongy mesophyll

arranged to maximize gas exchange and diffusion of gases

(CO2 in and O2 out)

Xylem

tubes used for water and mineral transport

two types, plants can have both or only one

Xylem:

Vessel members

short/wide, quick transport

-more adapted to large amounts of water transfer over short distances

Xylem:

Tracheids

long and thin, long distance transport of water

narrow, so easier to pull water, used by tall trees.

Water always moves ___

UP

roots to stem

All cells of the xylem are _____ have no _____ and are _____ to allow H2O movement

dead, have no internal structure, and are hallow.

What is left of the xylem?

the secondary cell wall structure

Phloem

used for sugar (phloem sap) transport

(water and sugar)

Sieve elements

the main cells that make up the phloem tubes and do transport.

Sieve elements are ______ but have _______. Each are connected through _______

Alive but have no internal organelles and are connected to one another through pores.

(The freeloader cell)

Companion cells

associated with sieve cells, provide necessary items such as metabolites and energy to them as they have none of their own internal organelles.

(The breadwinner cell)

Phloem sap moves _____ → _______

source → sink (where it is needed or used)

In summer the source of phloem sap is ______

in spring the source of phloem sap is ________

the leaves

the roots

Meristimatic tissue

cells that divide

Apical meristem

primary region of cell division within a plant

SAM

shoot apical meristem

unprotected elongation

(Sam was against using protection so his girlfriend dumped him)

RAM

root apical meristem

protected

lateral meristems

secondary growth - girth of stems and roots

l

lateral meristems are usually found in what type of plants?

Perennials, (live more than one year)

Vascular cambium is what type of meristem?

What does it do?

It is a lateral meristem

it grows secondary xylem inwards and secondary phloem outwards

Cork cambium is what kind of meristem?

What does it do?

lateral meristem,

Makes up the cork or bark of the periderm

Lenticles

gaps in tree to let in gas O₂

Tree rings are based off what?

The vascular cambium making secondary xylem at different rates over a year