Christian Beliefs Final Review

What is a dichotomy from a Christian theological perspective?

The view that a human being is made up of two parts: body and soul/spirit.

What is a religious icon according to the Orthodox Church?

Icons are religious images meant to represent a 'likeness' of the original person, item, or event, and are not meant to be (or even represent) the essence, substance, or presence of the original.

Define Complementarian

The view that men and women are equal in value before God but have different roles in marriage and the church, specifically that there is a unique leadership role for the husband in marriage and that some governing and teaching roles in the church are reserved for men.

According to Grudem, what is the Image of God (Imago Dei)?

The nature of humanity is such that a human is like God and represents God.

What is a "likeness"

Refers to something that is similar but not identical to the thing it represents.

This Christian bishop was captured in his youth from the home of his father (a British deacon) and made a slave in Ireland, eventually returning to convert the Irish to Christianity.

Saint Patrick

This pope intensified the focus in the Western Church on penance, the intercession of the saints, and the use of holy relics.

Pope Gregory I (the Great)

What is Monism

The view that a human being is made of only one element, the physical body, and that the body is the person (self).

Who were the iconoclasts

Those who were opposed to religious icons and attempted to do away with them.

Emperor Constantine adopted the use of ecumenical councils in order to address divisions or ambiguities within the Church. The Orthodox Church's faithful adherence to the decisions of these councils has caused them to sometimes refer to themselves as...

The Church of Seven Councils

He was the first of the great Frankish kings. He was converted to Christianity after crying out to Christ in battle in 496, and being delivered from certain defeat.

Clovis I

What is Trichotomy

The view that man is made up of three parts, the body, the soul, and the spirit.

After the fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Turks, this city established itself as the center for Orthodox Christianity.

Moscow

He was crowned by Pope Leo III at a Christmas mass in 800, and given the title of 'Augustus', thus being recognized to be the first Holy Roman Emperor.

Charlemagne

In what year did the Western Roman Empire fall?

476

Define Egalitarian

The view that all functions and roles in the family and the church are open to men and women alike (except those based on physical differences, such as bearing children).

Roman Emperor Theodosius I (also called "The Great") was instrumental in getting the Nicene Creed (first drafted and agreed upon under his predecessor, Constantine) accepted across the whole of the Christian Empire. When he died, how did he contribute to the permanent division of the Church along East/West - Greek/Latin lines?

He divided the empire between his two sons - Honorius in the west and Arcadius in the east, creating one empire that was divided geographically and would never fully be united peacefully again.

In what year did the Eastern Roman Empire (what we call the Byzantine Empire) fall, and to whom did it fall?

1453, the Ottoman Turks.

Who is John Mansour

He is also known as John of Damascus. He wrote an apology for religious icons that established the Orthodox position on the subject.

This pope was the first one to ascend to the papacy who had previously been a monk. He became pope in the year 590 as Rome was enduring threats from the Lombards and a plague.

Pope Gregory I (The Great)

What is equality of personhood?

The idea that men and women are both created in God's image and therefore are equally important to God and equally valuable to Him.

Which missionary was eventually made Bishop of Mainz, and was martyred by pagans in Frisia (Netherlands)? He was from Britain, and was famous for chopping down an oak tree that was sacred to the Germanic tribesmen he was attempting to evangelize.

Boniface

After Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire weakened for about two centuries, until this man ascended to the throne and brought stability back to Central Europe.

Otto The Great

Define Primogeniture

The Old Testament practice in which the first-born in any generation in a human family has leadership in the family for that generation.

Justinian, the first great Byzantine emperor, still considered himself to be Roman, and understood his role as a Christian Roman Emperor to be...

The head of the State, which was the Body (the parts) of the Church. In this way, he was a shepherd (primarily in the sense of a defender) of the Church but was still within the Church as well.

The final Council of Nicaea in 787 condemned _______________.

The iconoclastic movement.

What is sin?

Both A and C. (Failure to conform to the moral law of God in act, attitude, or nature and failure to uphold, or an intentional rebellion against, the will of God.)

What is imputed (inherited) guilt?

The idea that all humanity is born guilty of Adam's sin.

Why is it important that Jesus was born of both a mortal and of God?

Because Jesus was both wholly God and wholly man, and in order to be wholly man, He had to have the assurance of physical death, which is a condition that is consistent with humanity within our fallen context.

This verse is the one that plays the most significant role in the Augustinian view of guilt for Adam's sin being passed on to all humanity.

Romans 5:12.

Adam's sin directly caused...

Physical death for all human beings

What is the most common argument against the idea of inherited guilt?

It is unjust to hold someone accountable for sins that another has committed, as passages from the Old Testament point out.

Are there degrees to the severity of sins from a purely legal standpoint?

No. If one is guilty of breaking any part of the law, they are guilty of breaking the whole law, and the penalty for all, if not repented of, is the same; spiritual death.

Where does one find the conversation between God and Cain, where God explains to Cain how to remain in relationship with Him by ruling over his sin, thus avoiding the second death?

Genesis 4.

True or false: Spiritual death (the second death) is the result of the condition in which a person is in when they die physically. If, when they die, they are in relationship with God through repentance and are regenerated by God's grace through the atoning blood of Jesus Christ, then they will not experience the second death. If, however, they are not in relationship with God and are, instead, still in bondage to sin, then they will experience the second death.

True

What is the unpardonable sin?

When a person who has the cultural and religious knowledge to know better hard-heartedly attributes the work of the Holy Spirit to the work of Satan or other satanic influences.

For an Augustinian, what two elements must exist within a proper doctrine of Original Sin?

1.) Adam's guilt imputed to (inherited by) all of his descendants even before birth 2.) a corrupted nature that ensured that each person would also incur guilt for their own sins (which were inevitable) after birth.

The idea that both Good and Evil have always existed as opposed forces is called...

Dualism

Select all that apply: Augustine’s doctrine of Original Sin caused some difficulties when it came to Mary… what were some of these difficulties?

Since Mary was a Jew, and Jesus was meant to be for all mankind, the fact that His father was the Holy Spirit made him a universal being and not really a Jew.
Since Mary was pregnant, and Joseph claimed the child as his own, even though he was not, the two were guilty of bearing false witness before their community and could have been stoned as sinners.

Are there degrees to the severity of sins from a relational standpoint?

Yes. Certain sins have more devastating effects on relationships between people and, as outlined in the penalties for offenses in the Mosaic law, those sins carry a more severe consequence in a temporal context (in this life).

What is propitiation?

a sacrifice that bears God's wrath to the end, and in doing so changes God's wrath towards us into favor.

What is Apollinarianism?

The fourth-century heresy that held that Christ had a human body but not a human mind or spirit, and that the mind and spirit of Christ were from his separate divine nature.

Ransom theory states that...

Christ's death paid a ransom to Satan because sin has caused all humanity to be handed over to him as the Lord of the dead.

Resurrection, when applied to the person of Jesus Christ means...

That He was not only raised from the dead (as Lazarus was), but was raised into a new kind of the life that is not subject to sickness, aging, deterioration, or death.

Does the New Testament's use of the title "The Son of Man" show that Jesus is God?

Yes, it shows that Jesus is God through its connection to the Old Testament passage in Daniel 7 where "one like son of man" was given dominion by the "Ancient of Days" shows the son of man as a divine being.

True or False: The union of Christ's humanity and deity into a single "personhood" is referred to as the Hypostatic Union (In the Greek, ὑπόστασις (hypostatsis) means "existence"). So, the union of existences in totality and without division is what this theological concept is attempting to describe.

True

Consequent Absolute Necessity is

The belief that Christ's sacrifice was not inherently absolutely necessary, but only became absolutely necessary as a consequence of God's decision that it should be the means by which faithful humans would be saved.

This theory of atonement states that God did not require the payment of a penalty for sin, but that Christ's death was simply a way in which God showed how much He loved human beings by identifying with their sufferings, even to the point of death.

Moral Influence Theory

What is Monophysitism (Eutychianism)?

The fifth-century heresy that held that Christ had only one nature, which was a mixture of the divine and human natures.

Why is it important that Jesus was wholly man?

all of the above

What is the Governmental theory of atonement?

The theory that God didn't have to require a sacrifice for the sins of humanity, but that in doing so, He showed that a penalty for law-breaking was required from humanity.

Kenosis theory is...

The theory that Christ gave up some of His divine attributes while He was on Earth as a man.

True or False: When speaking of Jesus, the Ascension refers to the moment Jesus rose from the tomb.

false

This theory of the atonement states that Christ, in his death, bore the just penalty of God for humanity's sins and did so as a substitute for those who place their faith in Him. It is sometimes referred to as Vicarious Atonement.

Penal Substitution Theory

What is Docetism?

The heretical teaching that Jesus was not really a man but only seemed to be one. This comes from the Greek verb dokeō - "to seem" or "to appear to be"

What does impeccability mean in a theological context?

The doctrine that states that Christ was not able to sin.

What is a merism?

a rhetorical device where extremes are brought together in an attempt to represent the whole.

When used in a Judeo-Christian context, the Greek word kyrios means...

The word means "Lord", and when used in a Judeo-Christian context it refers most often to God.

What is Nestorianism?

The fifth-century heresy that taught that there were two separate persons in Christ (rather than a single person with two distinct natures), a human person, and a divine person.

Example theory is...

A theory that denies that God's justice requires payment for sin. Christ's death only provides an example of how humanity should trust and obey God perfectly, even if that trust and obedience leads to death.

What is the Chalcedonian Definition?

The statement produced by the Council of Chalcedonia in AD 451, which has been regarded by most branches of Christianity as the orthodox definition of the biblical teaching on the person of Christ (Jesus is wholly God and wholly man).

True or False: The typical evangelical view of the Church's relationship to Israel is that most evangelicals (not all) see the church as the New Israel - the Gentiles being grafted in (Romans 11:11-31) so that there is a unity of all believers without a necessary distinction along ethnic lines.

True

True or False: A general definition of Dispensationalism is: A theological system that highlight a distinction between Israel and the Church as two groups in God's overall plan and the dividing of biblical history into seven periods (dispensations) of God's way of relating to his people. ➢ True or False: The Church and the Kingdom

True

The Church is...

- All people who are covered by the blood of Christ, ie...

- The community of all true believers of all time.

In 1305, the College of Cardinals elected a French Archbishop as Pope Clement V. This Pope did not go to Rome, but set up his court at this French town.

Avignon.

Invisible Church is

The spiritual conditions (hearts) of believers: that part of humanity that only God can see.

The Council of Constance accomplished what?

It brought about the end of the Great Papal Schism, eventually electing Martin V as pope. It was the first time a pope was elected by a council of nations instead of the College of Cardinals.

These two national leaders were the first to seriously resist papal interference in national political affairs.

King Edward I of England, and King Philip of France

There are two ways in which Paul uses the Body metaphor for the Church. What are they? Select the TWO that apply.

- The entire Body, showing how the individual parts cooperate with one another (focus on unity).

- The Body as all parts except the head, because the Head is Christ (focus on the Body's cooperation under the headship of Christ).

Visible Church is

All those who profess faith in Christ as their Savior.

After a 73-year absence from Rome, the Cardinals finally elected a pope who would reign in Rome, but this pope (Urban VI) was dictatorial in his reign, and the French Cardinals rejected him and elected a new pope (Clement VII). This left the Church with two popes - one in Rome, and one in Avignon. This time is referred to as the...

The Great Papal Schism

Where is the Church?

The Church is both localized and global in scope. It can consist of a small, house-based congregation and a large institutional congregation.

What is a False Church?

has a low view of the authority of Scripture. They will have Christian-like practices that are not consistent with apostolic teaching, and usage of Christian language, but deviation from Church dogma.

What constitutes a True Church?

A Church that places a high view of biblical authority and a scripturally appropriate administration of the sacraments (ordinances).

These are metaphors of the Church... Choose all that apply:

- Church as Family

- Church as Branches of the Vine

- Church as a Temple

- Church as a Pillar of Truth

- The Church as a Body.

Unity in the Church means...

All of the above (agree on dogma, agree on how became christian, how live life, degree of freedom from divisons)

What is the Lord's Supper (Eucharist, Holy Communion)?

A sacrament or ordinance established by Jesus that symbolizes Christ's sacrificial death, the Document Clause of the Christian covenant, Spiritual nourishment, Unity of believers, and the Love of Christ.

Paedobaptism means...

The practice of baptizing a child.

A basic, orthodox definition of baptism is...

Baptism is a traditional sacrament/ordinance within the Church wherein a person is submerged in water (some traditions sprinkle or pour water) symbolizing entry into the grave, and then being raised again, thus associating with the rise of Jesus from death to new life.

Does the part of the Great Commission that instructs Christians to baptize disciples means that baptism is required to make it into heaven?

No, the command to baptize is for those who are making the disciples. If the Church fails to baptize a person who has placed their faith in Jesus, that person will not be penalized. This is a command for the ones making disciples, not the disciples who are newly made. They should be encouraged to accept baptism.

Believer's baptism is...

one needs to offer a believable confession of faith in order to be baptized.

True or False: The Greek word from which we get the word for baptism means, "to dip", "to plunge", or "to immerse".

True

Why did John Wyclif come to oppose the power of the pope so vehemently?

He was a believer in apostolic poverty and holiness, but when he looked to the papacy (the Vicar of Christ), he did not see any resemblance to the biblical Christ. The pope resembled an earthly king, but wanted to be treated as Christ's representative.

True or False: The Roman Catholic understanding of baptism includes the belief that the baptismal waters are regenerative - meaning that one is saved through baptism (ex opere operato = "by the work performed" This means that the work is effective, regardless of the condition of the person.

True

After Wyclif translated parts of the Bible, he sent poor priests out into the towns and villages to proclaim the gospel in the language of the people. These ministers came to be known as the...

Lollards, meaning "mumblers", for their enemies said they were simply mumbling foolishness.

True or False: Most Christian traditions hold that only believing Christians should participate in the Lord's Supper (Eucharist, Holy Communions).

True

What is transubstantiation?

A believe that the elements of the Lord's Supper (Eucharist, Communion) are mystically transformed into the actual body and actual blood of Christ - thus enabling grace to be imparted to the recipient - ex opere operato (by the work performed).

A tradition whose adherents believe that the elements of the Lord's Supper are NOT transformed into the body and blood of Christ, but are united with them is known as...

View known as the Sacramental Union View, such as that held by those in the Lutheran Church.

Who was John (Jan/Johannes) Hus?

a Bohemian (Czech) academic and clergyman who, inspired by the work of John Wyclif, began seeking Church reforms within his native Bohemia (modern-day Czechia).

True or False: John (Jan/Johann) Hus, after being invited to the Council of Constance by the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, was handed over to the Inquisition, condemned to death, and burned at the stake.

True

According to Grudem, what are Spiritual Gifts?

An ability empowered by the Holy Spirit, and used in any ministry within the Church.

True or False: According to the apostle Paul, we should seek Spiritual Gifts.

True

The purpose of Spiritual Gifts are...Select all that apply.

- To be used for the common good.

- The building up of the Church.

- To serve one another.

- To further the gospel so that the kingdom of God can bring about the redemption of God's creation.

What is the Cessationist View?

The view that certain gifts were given only for a short time during the early days of the Church in order to build it up and complete the writing of the texts that would become the biblical Canon.

According to Grudem, the typical Evangelical view on Spiritual Gifts would hold that...

All of the Spiritual Gifts described within Scripture are still available, with the exception of apostleship (since apostles have the authority to add teachings to Scripture), and can be found within the Church.Grudem is a continuationist who believes the gifts are active today, with apostleship being an exception.

What is prophecy from within a New Testament context?

Telling something that God has spontaneously brought to mind. It is also called revelation.

What are the TWO primary methodologies outlined in Scripture for the pursuit of Spiritual healing? Select TWO.

- Prayer with anointing with oil.

- Prayer with laying on of hands.

What is Speaking in Tongues?

Prayer or praise spoken in syllables (either a known language or a spiritual language) not understood by the speaker, requiring an interpreter in order to be understood.

Why do non-Cessationists believe that Speaking in Tongues is still a legitimate Spiritual Gift, though perhaps one of the more uncommon ones?

The apostle Paul recognized Speaking in Tongues as a legitimate Spiritual Gift, and spoke to the congregations about how it should be handled - implying that it was an ongoing practice (1 Corinthians 14:5, 15, 27-28).