Global Health and Human Development

Unit 4 Area of Study 1

Name and describe the system for classifying countries

A more modern and objective system was introduced by the World Bank, based on Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. The World Bank classification uses Gross National Income (GNI) per capita this refers to the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce including the value of income earned by citizens who may work in an overseas company. The value of a country’s total annual income, expressed in US dollars and divided by its population to indicate the average income of the county’s citizens.

Types of high level characteristics

• high levels of education attainment

• lower population growth

• access to improved sanitation

• improved food security

• access to healthcare

• improved infrastructure

Types of middle level characteristics

• Improving levels of education

• developing quality infrastructure

• improving healthcare systems

Types of low level characteristics

• fewer industries

• low average income

• high birth rates

• high employment

• low levels of education

• lower access to technology

• inadequate housing

• lack of access to food

• unsafe water and sanitation

What is human development?

The concept of human development can give a more accurate picture of the how well people are living within particular countries. Human development is about creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing their capabilities(the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, have a decent standard of living and participating in the life of their community and the decisions affecting their lives.

What are the aspects of human development?

1.     Lead a long and healthy life

2.     Develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests.

3.     It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing their capabilities

4.     Having access to knowledge to expand choices and capabilities

5.     And the resources required for a decent standard of living (housing, reliable food, water supply)

6.     Being able to participate in the life of their community

7.     And the decisions affecting their lives

What is the human development index?

Is a tool/ measurement system that attempts to reflect the level of human development being experienced in different countries and regions. This system ranks countries based on their level of social and economic development. Uses three dimensions and four indicators to create an index that estimates the level of human development.

What are the 3 dimensions of the human development index?

1. A long and healthy life

2. Knowledge

3. A decent standard of living

What are the 4 indicators of the human development index?

1. life expectancy

2. expected years of schooling

3. mean years of schooling

4. gross national income per capita

What is life expectancy at birth?

An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change

What is expected years of schooling?

The number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age.

What is mean years of schooling?

The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over.

What is gross national income per capita?

The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country.

What is access to clean water?

Safe water refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury

What is sanitation?

Sanitation is the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. It can also refer to maintenance of safe conditions through services including garbage removal and wastewater disposal.

What is poverty?

Poverty refers to a state of deprivation and is the inability to afford to access resources, generally determined by a lack of income.

What are the 2 types of poverty?

1. absolute/ extreme poverty

2. relative poverty

What is absolute/ extreme poverty?

Those living on less than a certain amount, often PPPUS$2.15 per day

What is relative poverty?

Those living on less than 50% of the country's average income.

What is discrimination?

Discrimination is when a person or a group of people are treated differently or proposing to treat someone unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law.  These personal characteristics are things like age, sex, race, religion, level of disability.

What is racial discrimination?

Racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status

What is religious discrimination?

Religious discrimination is unequal or unfavourable treatment of an individual or group based on their religious beliefs or faith.

What is sex?

Sex refers to the physiological characteristics, including DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth

What is sex discrimination?

Sex discrimination is related to receiving poorer or unjust treatment than others, based on sex (male or female). Women are often the victims of sex discrimination not having the same opportunities to make decisions, access education or employment.

What is sexual orientation?

Sexual orientation describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to.

What is gender identity?

gender identity describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both or neither.