Neurobiology N110 (león)

What do humans ---- (human faces, human interactions, surprising events, emotional event, interesting things, processed information, repeated information)

remember

short term memory ---- to become long term memory

consolidation

appear to have a ---- memory (S had all his information go into his long term memory)

limitless

your brain ---- information (easier to remember experiences)

forgets

only 1% of students reported ---- as test strategy #1 , compared to the 84% that ----

recall, reread

what is the --- way to study?

best (answer: repeated testing/recall)

memory improves with an emotion---al response ----

norepinephrine

memory for a traumatic event is too strong

PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)

soldiers often take ---- which increases PTSD risk

adderall

can block bad memories from consolidating by blocking ----

norepinephrine beta receptors

Recalled long-term memories must be ___________________, allowing you to erase them with beta blockers.

reconsolidated

remarkable ---- memory

autobiographical

combination of limited mental abilities and extraordinary memories

savants

memory impairment

amnesia

can't remember past memories

retrograde amnesia

can't form new memories

anterograde amnesia

both kinds of memory loss

global amnesia (dementia)

H.M had his --- removed and developed anterograde amnesia

hippocampus

Hippocampus damage produces a memory deficit for new ______

facts

not the site of long term memory or short term, needed to cover short term to long term memory, for new memory

hippocampus is responsible for

london taxicab drivers have an --- ---

enlarged hippocampus (increases as they train

environmental ----

enrichment

animal models of neurological --- improve with environmental enrichment

disorders

children raised in an orphanage have post institutional ---- syndrome

autistic

(autism effects )can we improve --- , and --- behavior (enrichment)

social , repetitive

42% of children with autism had a clinically significant ---- by a factor of --

improvement, 6x

--- , ---, --- improved with enrichment

IQ , abnormal sensory responses , communication

21% of people no longer have ---- with enrichment

autism

can it ---- in the real world (enrichment)

work

----- results in better outcomes(enrichment)

compliance

effective at all levels of initial symptom ----(enrichment)

severity (mild to severely impaired)

effective for both --- and ---(enrichment)

male and female

effective at all --- tested (enrichment)

ages (up till 18)

associated --- improvement (enrichment)

symptom (core are social and repetitive behavior, other than that has to do with learning, memory, anxiety etc)

effective for --- / -- (enrichment)

ADHD and depression

autism caused by measles and rubella (MMR) ----? (enrichment)

vaccine (measles found in gut of autism patients and not in other children, proposed measles could injure gut and release toxins into brain)

what is the --- about measles and MMR vaccine

evidence (MMR vaccine was not accompanied by rise in autism, vaccinated and unvaccinated have same probability)

Does ---- in vaccines cause autism

mercury

--- preservative in vaccines

thimerosal (ethyl mercury)

---- system compromised? (total vaccines children now receive since it has increased in recent years)

immune

---- law passes to require vaccines in school children

California

Drugs of ---

addiction (caffeine, ethanol, nicotine)

--- epidemic (between 2007-2012 hydrocodone and oxycodone pills were delivered)

opioid

treatment programs , an estimated 18 million americans are ---

addicted

10% with substance use disorders seek -----

treatment

Medication Assisted Treatment with opioid --- reduces cravings withdrawal and euphoria

antagonists

partial opioid use in combination with naloxone (antagonist) to prevent abuse

buprenorphine

agonist without euphoria

methadone

opioid antagonist also used for alcoholism

naltrexone

--- : after repeated drug administration there is a strong desire for it

craving

variety of unpleasant symptoms emerge without the drugs

withdrawal

repeated administration of a drug leads to decreased drug effect

tolerance

Pavlovian learning -- stimulus to unconditional response

unconditional stimulus

conditional stimulus leads to --- response

conditional

the --- conditional response helps to maintain a steady state

anticipatory

the conditional response does not need to be the same as the ---- response

unconditional

the unconditional --- response

drug (ex, morphine administration feels good, block pain)

conditional response can also be

compensatory with a conditional stimulus

the --- drug response (with morphine it is sad, increase pain, cool skin )

compensatory (conditional)

--- is the compensatory response

withdrawal (opposing responses)

--- implications (abstention does not work, high relapse rate, unlearning is only way to diminish the compensatory response )

clinical

implications for drug --- (drug doses lower than expect, given in new environment gives different reaction)

overdose

Switzerland -- heroin for addicts

legalized (heroin addicts are given heroin , they are given support to find a job and housing, nobody has died of an overdose on legal heroin)

---- mediation of addiction

dopamine

---- ---- in ventral tegumental area VTA project to NA are activated by drugs that are addictive

dopamine neurons

--- induces VTA to release dopamine

nicotine

---- blocks reuptake of dopamine into VTA neurons

cocaine

--- and --- quit neurons that would ordinarily inhibit dopamine neurons

alcohol and opiates

--- also mimic the effects of dopamine

opiates

teens have amplified --- ---

dopamine response

sleep --- of 1-2 hours leads to decrease immune response, increase BP

reduction

additional hour of sleep in the fall decreases --- by 20%

heart attacks

daily --- (caused the average difference of one hour between waking time naturally versus for work )

grogginess

grogginess is correlated with ---- cigarette, smoking, alcohol , obesity

increase

sleep loss interferes with --

learning

--- of poor sleep and its consequences include increased fight or flight and cortisol release

causes

50-70 million americans are ---- sleep deprived

chronically

80% of protein coding genes have a ---- rhythmic expression

circadian

SCN

suprachiasmatic nucleus

effects of SCN --- include no circadian rythm

damage

melatonin ---

rhythm (made in pineal gland - synchronize circadian rhythm with actual clock )

melatonin --- grogginess

controls

at home melatonin --- about two hours before sleep time

peaks

early morning grogginess is due to --- of melatonin

levels

light inhibits ----

melatonin (even with blind people)

light inhibits the --- gland from making melatonin

pineal

--- light surpasses melatonin

blue

light and ----

insomnia (TVs emit lots of blue light)

elderly people with --- have trouble with circadian rythm

cataracts

--- have different sleep patterns

teens

teens do not have a --- (surge) until much later at night

melatonin surge

Sleep is not a ______ phenomenon

unitary

stages 2-4

slow wave sleep

REM

awake EEG pattern

--- sleep

REM sleep m when everyone dreams and cannot move

dreaming is the way we review ---- experiences without emotion

emotion

more REM = less ---

distress

no --- during REM allows the distressing events to be reviewed without the emotion

norepinephrine

PTSD patients have elevated ---- that does not allow to process distress without emotion

noradrenaline (in turn have high norepinephrine )

sleep problems include ---

insomnia