Hole's Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5

Adip-

Fat

Chondr-

Cartilage

Adipose

Tissue that stores fat

Chondrocyte

Cartilage cell

-cyte

Cell

Osteocyte

Bone cell

Epi-

Upon, after, in addition

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers all free body surfaces

-glia

Glue

Neuroglia

Cells that support neurons; part of nervous tissue

Hist-

Web, tissue

Histology

The study of composition and function of tissues

Hyal-

Resemblance to glass

Hyaline cartilage

Flexible tissue containing chondrocytes

Inter-

Between, among

Intercalated disc

Band between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

Macr-

Large

Macrophage

Large phagocytic cell

Neur-

Nerve

Neuron

Nerve cell

Os-

Bone

Osseous tissue

Bone tissue

Phag-

To eat

Phagocyte

Cell that engulfs and destroys foreign particles

Pseud-

False

Pseudostratified epithelium

Tissue with cells that appear to be in layers, but are not

Squam-

Scale

Squamous epithelium

Tissue with flattened or scale like cells

Strat-

Layer

Stratified epithelium

Tissue with cells in layers

Stria-

Groove

Striations

Alternating light and dark cross-markings in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

Tissue

Layers or groups of similar cells with a common function

Intercellular junctions

Sit of union between cells

Tight junction

Form of intercellular junction in which membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse

Desmosome

Firm of intercellular junction in which cells are riveted together enabling them to form a reinforced structural unit

Gap junctions

Form of intercellular junction in which cells are interconnected by tubular channels

Four types of tissue

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

Basement membrane

Anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue

Epithelium

Covers the body surface and organs, forms the inner lining of body cavities, lines hollow organs

Epithelial tissue functions

Protection, secretion, excretion

Epithelial tissue locations

Covers body surface, cover and lines internal organs, compose glands

Epithelial tissue characteristics

Lacks blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed

Connective tissue function

Bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells

Connective tissue characteristics

Mostly have good blood supply, cells are further apart than epithelial cells, with extracellular matrix in between

Simple squamous epithelium

A single layer of thin, flattened cells

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A single layer of cube shaped cells

Lumen

Hollow part of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel or intestine

Simple columnar epithelium

Single layer of cells that are longer than they are wide

Goblet cells

Secrete a protective fluid called mucus onto the free surface of the tissue

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Appear stratified or layered, but aren't. Occurs because the nuclei are at two or more levels in the row of aligned cells

Stratified squamous epithelium

Many layers of cells making this layer very thick

Keratinization

Produces a dry, tough, protective covering that prevents water and other substances from escaping the body

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Two or three layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen

Stratified columnar epithelium

Several layers of cells. The superficial cells are elongated and the basal layers consist of cube-shaped cells

Glandular epithelium

Composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete their products into ducts that open onto surfaces like the skin or the lining of the digestive tract

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood

Merocrine glands

Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis

Apocrine glands

Glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion

Holocrine glands

Glands that release entire cells

Extracellular matrix

Composed of protein fibers and a ground substance, and fluid

Fixed cells

Reside in the specific connective tissue type for an extended period of time

Wandering cells

Move through and appear in tissues temporarily, usually in response to an injury or infection

Fibroblasts

Most common type of fixed cell in connective tissue; star shaped and produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

Mast cells

Fixed cells of connective tissue; usually near blood vessels and release heparin and histamine

Heparin

Compound that prevents blood clotting

Histamine

Substance that promotes some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies

Collagenous fibers

Thick threads of the protein collagen

Ligaments

Connect bones to bones

Tendons

Connect muscle to bones

Dense connective tissue

Tissue containing abundant collagenous fibers

Loose connective tissue

Sparse collagenous fibers

Elastic fibers

Composed of springlike protein called elastin

Elastin

Springlike protein

Reticular fibers

Thin collagenous fibers

Connective tissue proper

Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)

Specialized connective tissue

Cartilage, bone, and blood

Areolar connective tissue

Forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body, cells are mainly fibroblasts separated by a gel like ground substance

Adipose connective tissue

Fat; develops when adipocytes store fat in droplets in their cytoplasm

Reticular connective tissue

Composed of thin, rectangular fibers in a 3D network

Dense regular connective tissue

Consists of many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers; a friend be network of elastic fibers, and a few cells (mostly fibroblasts)

Dense irregular connective tissue

Thicker interwoven, and more randomly organized

Elastic connective tissue

Consists of yellow, elastic fibers in parallel strands or on branching networks

Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells

Lacunae

Small chambers that contain chondrocytes or osteocytes; found in the extracellular matrix

Hyaline cartilage

Most common; has very fine collagenous fibers in its extracellular matrix

Elastic cartilage

More flexible than hyaline cartilage; extracellular matrix has a dense network of elastic fibers

Fibrocartilage

Very tough tissue with many collagenous fibers; shock absorber

Bone (osseous tissue)

The most rigid connective tissue; hardness is largely due to mineral salts

Function of Osteoblasts

Bone cells that build bone matrix

Blood

Composed of cells suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma

Red blood cells

Transport gases

White blood cells

wandering cells that fight infection

Platelets

Involved in blood clotting

Epithelial membranes

Thin structures that are usually composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue

Serous membranes

Line the body cavities that do not open to the outside and reduce friction between the organs and cavity walls

Mucous membranes

Line the cavities that open to the outside of the body

Cutaneous membrane

Skin

Synovial membrane

Composed entirely of connective tissues; lines joints